Domain and range of the CIECAM16 forward transformation

The domain and range of the CIECAM16 forward transformation was numerically determined and visualized for CIE standard illuminants, using a linear programming approach that provides the gamuts and colour solids for optimum colours. The effect of the surround, adapting luminance, and luminance of the background on the range of the CIECAM16 forward transformation were individually analyzed, showing that their ranges increased when the surround changed from dark to dim or average, the adapting luminance increased, or the luminance of the background decreased. The proposed methodology for the determination and visualization of the domain and range of the CIECAM16 forward transformation can be used for any illuminant, as well as for CIECAM02, CAM16, CAM02-UCS and CAM16-UCS. The findings of this paper not only solve the long-term unresolved domain and range problems of the CIE colour appearance models, but also find applications in cross-media colour reproduction. Furthermore, it was also found that some non-CIE colours are inside the International Color Consortium Profile Connection Space (ICC PCS), and some CIE colours are not included in that space.National Natural Science Foundation of China (61575090, 61775169)Department of Education of Liaoning Province (LJKQZ2021127, LJKZ0291, LJKZ0310)University of Science and Technology Liaoning (2021YQ04, LKDYC202103)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-107816GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/501100011033

Providing Breastfeeding Support: Experiences from Child-Health Nurses

Background: Breastfeeding problems are common during the early period but can often be prevented or overcome with adequate support. Child-health nurses meet almost all children during their first weeks of life and play an important role in promoting breastfeeding and in strengthening parents’ confidence and their belief in their own ability. It is, therefore, important to gain more knowledge about child-health nurses’ experiences. Objective: To describe child-health nurses’ experiences of providing breastfeeding support. Methods: This qualitative study is descriptive with an inductive approach. A purposive sample of eight child-health nurses recruited from district health care centers participated. Data were collected through focus group interviews and analyzed with content analysis. Results: Child-health nurses consider it to be important to provide early breastfeeding support and that early hospital discharge following birth can complicate breastfeeding. Furthermore, the introduction of infant formula and tiny tastes given to the baby can be a barrier to breastfeeding. Parents’ confidence had an effect on breastfeeding, and breastfeeding is promoted by confident parents. Trends and cultural differences have an influence on parents’ attitudes toward breastfeeding. Child-health nurses stated the importance of having a consensus breastfeeding policy. Conclusion and Recommendation: A number of factors affect breastfeeding, and breastfeeding support from child-health nurses is important in the early stages after birth. To conclude, the support must be individually tailored with a focus on the parents’ needs. There is a need for greater cooperation between the maternal care and child-health care staff in order to provide adequate and continuous breastfeeding support throughout the care chain

Diversification in a Three-Moment World

© Cambridge University Press 197

Waste management in Europe

Waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, disposing, recycling and monitoring of waste. This report, which has been commissioned by the European Public Service Union (EPSU), aims to make a contribution to research in waste management by providing: • an overview of the main trends in waste management, covering types and quantities of waste and trends in terms of waste treatment; • an outline of the employment structures in different areas of waste management and critical assessment of the claim that the move towards a circular economy creates jobs; and • an analysis of the most important multinational companies that are active and emerging in Europe’s waste management market