3D reconstruction of ribcage geometry from biplanar radiographs using a statistical parametric model approach

Rib cage 3D reconstruction is an important prerequisite for thoracic spine modelling, particularly for studies of the deformed thorax in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This study proposes a new method for rib cage 3D reconstruction from biplanar radiographs, using a statistical parametric model approach. Simplified parametric models were defined at the hierarchical levels of rib cage surface, rib midline and rib surface, and applied on a database of 86 trunks. The resulting parameter database served to statistical models learning which were used to quickly provide a first estimate of the reconstruction from identifications on both radiographs. This solution was then refined by manual adjustments in order to improve the matching between model and image. Accuracy was assessed by comparison with 29 rib cages from CT scans in terms of geometrical parameter differences and in terms of line-to-line error distance between the rib midlines. Intra and inter-observer reproducibility were determined regarding 20 scoliotic patients. The first estimate (mean reconstruction time of 2’30) was sufficient to extract the main rib cage global parameters with a 95% confidence interval lower than 7%, 8%, 2% and 4° for rib cage volume, antero-posterior and lateral maximal diameters and maximal rib hump, respectively. The mean error distance was 5.4 mm (max 35mm) down to 3.6 mm (max 24 mm) after the manual adjustment step (+3’30). The proposed method will improve developments of rib cage finite element modeling and evaluation of clinical outcomes.This work was funded by Paris Tech BiomecAM chair on subject specific muscular skeletal modeling, and we express our acknowledgments to the chair founders: Cotrel foundation, Société générale, Protéor Company and COVEA consortium. We extend your acknowledgements to Alina Badina for medical imaging data, Alexandre Journé for his advices, and Thomas Joubert for his technical support

Personalized 3D reconstruction of the rib cage for clinical assessment of trunk deformities

Scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the spine and rib cage. Extensive validation of 3D reconstruction methods of the spine from biplanar radiography has already been published. In this article, we propose a novel method to reconstruct the rib cage, using the same biplanar views as for the 3D reconstruction of the spine, to allow clinical assessment of whole trunk deformities. This technique uses a semi-automatic segmentation of the ribs in the postero-anterior X-ray view and an interactive segmentation of partial rib edges in the lateral view. The rib midlines are automatically extracted in 2D and reconstructed in 3D using the epipolar geometry. For the ribs not visible in the lateral view, the method predicts their 3D shape. The accuracy of the proposed method has been assessed using data obtained from a synthetic bone model as a gold standard and has also been evaluated using data of real patients with scoliotic deformities. Results show that the reconstructed ribs enable a reliable evaluation of the rib axial rotation, which will allow a 3D clinical assessment of the spine and rib cage deformities.CIHR / IRS

Quantitative geometric analysis of rib, costal cartilage and sternum from childhood to teenagehood

Better understanding of the effects of growth on children’s bones and cartilage is necessary for clinical and biomechanical purposes. The aim of this study is to define the 3D geometry of children’s rib cages: including sternum, ribs and costal cartilage. Three-dimensional reconstructions of 960 ribs, 518 costal cartilages and 113 sternebrae were performed on thoracic CT-scans of 48 children, aged four months to 15 years. The geometry of the sternum was detailed and nine parameters were used to describe the ribs and rib cages. A "costal index" was defined as the ratio between cartilage length and whole rib length to evaluate the cartilage ratio for each rib level. For all children, the costal index decreased from rib level one to three and increased from level three to seven. For all levels, the cartilage accounted for 45 to 60% of the rib length, and was longer for the first years of life. The mean costal index decreased by 21% for subjects over three years old compared to those under three (p<10-4). The volume of the sternebrae was found to be highly age dependent. Such data could be useful to define the standard geometry of the paediatric thorax and help to detect clinical abnormalities.Grant from the ANR (SECUR_ENFANT 06_0385) and supported by the GDR 2610 “Biomécanique des chocs” (CNRS/INRETS/GIE PSA Renault

A Novel Method for the 3-D Reconstruction of Scoliotic Ribs From Frontal and Lateral Radiographs

Among the external manifestations of scoliosis, the rib hump, which is associated with the ribs' deformities and rotations, constitutes the most disturbing aspect of the scoliotic deformity for patients. A personalized 3-D model of the rib cage is important for a better evaluation of the deformity, and hence, a better treatment planning. A novel method for the 3-D reconstruction of the rib cage, based only on two standard radiographs, is proposed in this paper. For each rib, two points are extrapolated from the reconstructed spine, and three points are reconstructed by stereo radiography. The reconstruction is then refined using a surface approximation. The method was evaluated using clinical data of 13 patients with scoliosis. A comparison was conducted between the reconstructions obtained with the proposed method and those obtained by using a previous reconstruction method based on two frontal radiographs. A first comparison criterion was the distances between the reconstructed ribs and the surface topography of the trunk, considered as the reference modality. The correlation between ribs axial rotation and back surface rotation was also evaluated. The proposed method successfully reconstructed the ribs of the 6th-12th thoracic levels. The evaluation results showed that the 3-D configuration of the new rib reconstructions is more consistent with the surface topography and provides more accurate measurements of ribs axial rotation.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and MENTOR, a strategic training program of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Biomechanical Morphing for Personalized Fitting of Scoliotic Torso Skeleton Models

The use of patient-specific biomechanical models offers many opportunities in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, such as the design of personalized braces. The first step in the development of these patient-specific models is to fit the geometry of the torso skeleton to the patient’s anatomy. However, existing methods rely on high-quality imaging data. The exposure to radiation of these methods limits their applicability for regular monitoring of patients. We present a method to fit personalized models of the torso skeleton that takes as input biplanar low-dose radiographs. The method morphs a template to fit annotated points on visible portions of the spine, and it relies on a default biomechanical model of the torso for regularization and robust fitting of hardly visible parts of the torso skeleton, such as the rib cage. The proposed method provides an accurate and robust solution to obtain personalized models of the torso skeleton, which can be adopted as part of regular management of scoliosis patients. We have evaluated the method on ten young patients who participated in our study. We have analyzed and compared clinical metrics on the spine and the full torso skeleton, and we have found that the accuracy of the method is at least comparable to other methods that require more demanding imaging methods, while it offers superior robustness to artifacts such as interpenetration of ribs. Normal-dose X-rays were available for one of the patients, and for the other nine we acquired low-dose X-rays, allowing us to validate that the accuracy of the method persisted under less invasive imaging modalities

Semiautomatic Detection of Scoliotic Rib Borders From Posteroanterior Chest Radiographs

3-D assessment of scoliotic deformities relies on an accurate 3-D reconstruction of bone structures from biplanar X-rays, which requires a precise detection and matching of anatomical structures in both views. In this paper, we propose a novel semiautomated technique for detecting complete scoliotic rib borders from PA-0° and PA-20° chest radiographs, by using an edge-following approach with multiple-path branching and oriented filtering. Edge-following processes are initiated from user starting points along upper and lower rib edges and the final rib border is obtained by finding the most parallel pair among detected edges. The method is based on a perceptual analysis leading to the assumption that no matter how bent a scoliotic rib is, it will always present relatively parallel upper and lower edges. The proposed method was tested on 44 chest radiographs of scoliotic patients and was validated by comparing pixels from all detected rib borders against their reference locations taken from the associated manually delineated rib borders. The overall 2-D detection accuracy was 2.64 ± 1.21 pixels. Comparing this accuracy level to reported results in the literature shows that the proposed method is very well suited for precisely detecting borders of scoliotic ribs from PA-0° and PA-20° chest radiographs.CIHR / IRS

Reconstruction 3D personnalisée de la cage thoracique pour l'amélioration de la simulation de l'effet de la correction du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc

Résumé Afin de procéder à une évaluation clinique de la scoliose, les cliniciens se réfèrent souvent à l'angle de Cobb. Celui-ci ne représente malheureusement que la courbure mesurée sur un plan. De plus, les déformations que subit la cage thoracique ne sont pas toujours corrélées à celle de la colonne vertébrale. Plusieurs techniques ont été proposées afin de fournir au clinicien une information quant à la configuration tridimensionnelle de la cage thoracique. Cependant, il doit souvent se limiter à la correction de la colonne vertébrale, ce qui peut entraîner une persistance des gibbosités après l'opération. Un simulateur permettant de prédire l'effet d'une correction du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc serait très utile dans la planification de la chirurgie. Le chirurgien pourra ainsi déterminer la stratégie opératoire qui pourra non seulement redresser la colonne mais réduire les gibbosités qui affectent aussi l'apparence externe du patient. Par contre, les modèles tridimensionnels de la cage thoracique existants ne sont pas complètement personnalisés au patient, et donc limitent la précision des résultats de simulation. L'objectif de ce projet est de développer une nouvelle technique de reconstruction 3D personnalisée de la cage thoracique, afin d'améliorer les résultats de simulation de la propagation de l'effet d'une chirurgie du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc. Les méthodes actuelles de reconstructions 3D de la cage thoracique ne sont pas précises et n'ont pas été validées avec des modèles représentants fidèlement une cage thoracique en position debout. Dans la littérature, la plupart des modèles de références sont obtenus par tomodensitométrie, qui s'effectue en position couchée. Ces modèles sont donc difficilement recommandables pour une validation clinique des méthodes de reconstruction 3D de la cage thoracique à partir de radiographies acquises en position debout. De plus, ces techniques n'offrent que des reconstructions de cage thoracique par modèles filaires, ou des reconstructions surfaciques par déformation de modèles génériques. Ces modèles ne sont pas adéquats dans un contexte de simulation personnalisée, où le but ultime est de planifier la meilleure stratégie à effectuer afin d'obtenir la meilleure correction à l'interne bien sûr, mais surtout à l'externe puisque c'est un facteur important de satisfaction chez le patient. Une nouvelle méthode a été proposée afin de pallier ces problèmes. Celle-ci se base uniquement sur les radiographies standards, soit la radiographie postéro-antérieure à 0° et la radiographie latérale. Premièrement, une détection semi-automatique des côtes est effectuée sur la radiographie postéro-antérieure, et une identification interactive d'un ensemble de points sur les côtes visibles est faite sur la radiographie latérale. Ensuite, une reconstruction automatique des côtes est réalisée par une mise en correspondance de ces points sur deux vues. De plus, les côtes non détectées sur la radiographie latérale, qui sont en général les côtes de la partie supérieure de la cage thoracique, sont prédites à partir des côtes inférieures, ce qui constitue l'originalité de cette méthode. Finalement, une surface est générée le long de la ligne médiane reconstruite. Cette surface représente l'épaisseur réelle de la côte, et sert de point d'ancrage pour les tissus mous lors des simulations de la correction du rachis. Une validation rigoureuse fut menée, grâce à un modèle de cage thoracique synthétique représentant une vraie cage thoracique en position debout. Cela n'a jamais été fait auparavant. Trois sévérités de déformations ont été considérées, soit 0°, 20° et 40° d'angle de Cobb thoracique droite. Dans chacun des cas, le modèle a été numérisé à l'aide d'un appareil de mesure tridimensionnelle et des radiographies ont été acquises. Des reconstructions effectuées par la nouvelle méthode et l'ancienne méthode de reconstruction de la cage thoracique utilisée à l'hôpital Sainte-Justine ont été comparées aux numérisations du modèle synthétique. La méthode proposée offre une erreur moyenne de 11,95 mm (±6,56 mm), 9,30 mm (±5,86 mm) et 8,27 mm (±5,16 mm), comparativement à l'ancienne méthode qui offre une erreur moyenne de 23,98 mm (±11,09 mm), 11,80 mm (±6,56 mm) et 14,05 mm (±9,59 mm), respectivement pour les configurations à 0°, 20° et 40°. De plus, des simulations ont été effectuées sur trois patients afin de déterminer si la cage thoracique obtenue par la nouvelle méthode améliore les résultats. Les résultats obtenus ont clairement démontré qu'une reconstruction précise de la cage thoracique améliore significativement les résultats de simulation. La principale contribution de ce projet réside dans le fait que la méthode proposée permet de faire une évaluation clinique fiable des déformations de la cage thoracique. L'amélioration de la précision de la reconstruction 3D et la personnalisation plus complète de la cage thoracique permettent non seulement cela, mais ouvrent aussi la voie à différentes opportunités. Notamment, la simulation de la chirurgie des côtes, la reconstruction des poumons ou même l'étude de la corrélation entre la structure osseuse interne et la surface externe du tronc bénéficierait grandement d'une cage thoracique personnalisée. Tous ces projets, globalement, contribuent à diminuer la quantité de radiation infligée aux patients, car ceux-ci auront de moins en moins à subir de radiographies afin de faire un suivi clinique.----------Abstract To evaluate scoliosis severity in the clinical setting, clinicians often refer to the Cobb angle. Unfortunately, this angle only represents a curve on a plane. Furthermore, the deformities sustained by the rib cage are not always correlated to those of the spine. Many techniques have been proposed to help the clinician by providing information about the three dimensional configuration of the rib cage. However, he must sometimes only correct the spine and rib humps may persist. A simulator predicting the effects of a spine correction on the external appearance of the trunk would be useful to plan the surgery. However, three dimensional rib cage models used are not fully personalised to each patient, thus limiting the precision of the results of the simulation. The goal of this project is to develop a new method for personalised 3D reconstruction of the rib cage, in order to improve the results of simulating the propagation of the spinal correction to the external trunk. Current methods of 3D reconstruction of the rib cage are not precise and have not been validated with models that faithfully represent a rib cage in standing position. In the literature, most reference models are obtained by computed tomography (CT) scans, which are acquired in supine position. Such models are thus inappropriate for a clinical assessment of the 3D reconstruction methods based on radiographs acquired in standing position. Furthermore, the existing methods only provide the reconstruction of the rib midlines or complete 3D rib cage models obtained by deforming generic models. These reconstructions are not adequate in the context of personalized simulation, where the ultimate goal is to plan the clinical strategy providing the best correction both of the internal structures and of the external appearance of the trunk, the latter being the main factor contributing to patient satisfaction. We have proposed a new method in order to address these problems. This method is based only on the two standards radiographs, i.e. the postero-anterior view at 0° and the lateral view. First of all, a semi-automatic detection of the ribs is done on the postero-anterior radiograph, followed by an interactive identification of a set of points on the visible ribs in the lateral view. Then, an automatic reconstruction of the ribs is performed by means of stereo matching points. The originality of this method is that it can predict the undetected ribs in the lateral view, which are mostly those of the upper section of the rib cage, based on the reconstruction of the lower ribs. Finally, a surface is generated along the rib's 3D midline. This surface represents the real thickness of the rib and serves as an anchor for the attachment of soft tissues during the simulation of the spine correction's effect on the whole trunk. A thorough validation was conducted with the help of a synthetic rib cage model. This model represents a real rib cage in standing position . This kind of validation has never been done before. Three cases of scoliotic deformation were considered, namely 0°, 20° and 40° of right-thoracic Cobb angle. In each case, the model was digitized with a coordinate measuring machine and radiographed. 3D reconstructions of the rib cage obtained by the proposed method and the existing method used at Sainte-Justine Hospital were compared to the digitized model. The new method yields mean errors of 11,95 mm (±6,56 mm), 9,30 mm (±5,86 mm) and 8,27 mm (±5,16 mm), compared to the old method which yields mean errors of 23,98 mm (±11,09 mm), 11,80 mm (±6,56 mm) and 14,05 mm (±9,59 mm), for the 0°, 20° and 40° deformations, respectively. Furthermore, simulations were performed on three patients to determine if the rib cage produced by the new method improves the results of the simulator. The results clearly demonstrated that a precise reconstruction of the rib cage significantly improves the simulation results. The main contribution of this project lies in the fact that the new method allows a reliable clinical assessment of rib cage deformities. In addition, the enhanced precision of the 3D reconstruction and the more complete personalization of the rib cage model open up new possibilities. In particular, the simulation of other surgical interventions such as rib resection and lung reconstruction, as well as studies on the relationship between internal bone structures and external trunk shape, could all benefit from a personalized rib cage. Globally, all these projects contribute to reducing the amount of radiation inflicted to patients because less radiographs will be required in order to make a clinical follow up

Reconstruction 3D personnalisée de la cage thoracique pour l'amélioration de la simulation de l'effet de la correction du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc

Résumé Afin de procéder à une évaluation clinique de la scoliose, les cliniciens se réfèrent souvent à l'angle de Cobb. Celui-ci ne représente malheureusement que la courbure mesurée sur un plan. De plus, les déformations que subit la cage thoracique ne sont pas toujours corrélées à celle de la colonne vertébrale. Plusieurs techniques ont été proposées afin de fournir au clinicien une information quant à la configuration tridimensionnelle de la cage thoracique. Cependant, il doit souvent se limiter à la correction de la colonne vertébrale, ce qui peut entraîner une persistance des gibbosités après l'opération. Un simulateur permettant de prédire l'effet d'une correction du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc serait très utile dans la planification de la chirurgie. Le chirurgien pourra ainsi déterminer la stratégie opératoire qui pourra non seulement redresser la colonne mais réduire les gibbosités qui affectent aussi l'apparence externe du patient. Par contre, les modèles tridimensionnels de la cage thoracique existants ne sont pas complètement personnalisés au patient, et donc limitent la précision des résultats de simulation. L'objectif de ce projet est de développer une nouvelle technique de reconstruction 3D personnalisée de la cage thoracique, afin d'améliorer les résultats de simulation de la propagation de l'effet d'une chirurgie du rachis sur l'apparence externe du tronc. Les méthodes actuelles de reconstructions 3D de la cage thoracique ne sont pas précises et n'ont pas été validées avec des modèles représentants fidèlement une cage thoracique en position debout. Dans la littérature, la plupart des modèles de références sont obtenus par tomodensitométrie, qui s'effectue en position couchée. Ces modèles sont donc difficilement recommandables pour une validation clinique des méthodes de reconstruction 3D de la cage thoracique à partir de radiographies acquises en position debout. De plus, ces techniques n'offrent que des reconstructions de cage thoracique par modèles filaires, ou des reconstructions surfaciques par déformation de modèles génériques. Ces modèles ne sont pas adéquats dans un contexte de simulation personnalisée, où le but ultime est de planifier la meilleure stratégie à effectuer afin d'obtenir la meilleure correction à l'interne bien sûr, mais surtout à l'externe puisque c'est un facteur important de satisfaction chez le patient. Une nouvelle méthode a été proposée afin de pallier ces problèmes. Celle-ci se base uniquement sur les radiographies standards, soit la radiographie postéro-antérieure à 0° et la radiographie latérale. Premièrement, une détection semi-automatique des côtes est effectuée sur la radiographie postéro-antérieure, et une identification interactive d'un ensemble de points sur les côtes visibles est faite sur la radiographie latérale. Ensuite, une reconstruction automatique des côtes est réalisée par une mise en correspondance de ces points sur deux vues. De plus, les côtes non détectées sur la radiographie latérale, qui sont en général les côtes de la partie supérieure de la cage thoracique, sont prédites à partir des côtes inférieures, ce qui constitue l'originalité de cette méthode. Finalement, une surface est générée le long de la ligne médiane reconstruite. Cette surface représente l'épaisseur réelle de la côte, et sert de point d'ancrage pour les tissus mous lors des simulations de la correction du rachis. Une validation rigoureuse fut menée, grâce à un modèle de cage thoracique synthétique représentant une vraie cage thoracique en position debout. Cela n'a jamais été fait auparavant. Trois sévérités de déformations ont été considérées, soit 0°, 20° et 40° d'angle de Cobb thoracique droite. Dans chacun des cas, le modèle a été numérisé à l'aide d'un appareil de mesure tridimensionnelle et des radiographies ont été acquises. Des reconstructions effectuées par la nouvelle méthode et l'ancienne méthode de reconstruction de la cage thoracique utilisée à l'hôpital Sainte-Justine ont été comparées aux numérisations du modèle synthétique. La méthode proposée offre une erreur moyenne de 11,95 mm (±6,56 mm), 9,30 mm (±5,86 mm) et 8,27 mm (±5,16 mm), comparativement à l'ancienne méthode qui offre une erreur moyenne de 23,98 mm (±11,09 mm), 11,80 mm (±6,56 mm) et 14,05 mm (±9,59 mm), respectivement pour les configurations à 0°, 20° et 40°. De plus, des simulations ont été effectuées sur trois patients afin de déterminer si la cage thoracique obtenue par la nouvelle méthode améliore les résultats. Les résultats obtenus ont clairement démontré qu'une reconstruction précise de la cage thoracique améliore significativement les résultats de simulation. La principale contribution de ce projet réside dans le fait que la méthode proposée permet de faire une évaluation clinique fiable des déformations de la cage thoracique. L'amélioration de la précision de la reconstruction 3D et la personnalisation plus complète de la cage thoracique permettent non seulement cela, mais ouvrent aussi la voie à différentes opportunités. Notamment, la simulation de la chirurgie des côtes, la reconstruction des poumons ou même l'étude de la corrélation entre la structure osseuse interne et la surface externe du tronc bénéficierait grandement d'une cage thoracique personnalisée. Tous ces projets, globalement, contribuent à diminuer la quantité de radiation infligée aux patients, car ceux-ci auront de moins en moins à subir de radiographies afin de faire un suivi clinique.----------Abstract To evaluate scoliosis severity in the clinical setting, clinicians often refer to the Cobb angle. Unfortunately, this angle only represents a curve on a plane. Furthermore, the deformities sustained by the rib cage are not always correlated to those of the spine. Many techniques have been proposed to help the clinician by providing information about the three dimensional configuration of the rib cage. However, he must sometimes only correct the spine and rib humps may persist. A simulator predicting the effects of a spine correction on the external appearance of the trunk would be useful to plan the surgery. However, three dimensional rib cage models used are not fully personalised to each patient, thus limiting the precision of the results of the simulation. The goal of this project is to develop a new method for personalised 3D reconstruction of the rib cage, in order to improve the results of simulating the propagation of the spinal correction to the external trunk. Current methods of 3D reconstruction of the rib cage are not precise and have not been validated with models that faithfully represent a rib cage in standing position. In the literature, most reference models are obtained by computed tomography (CT) scans, which are acquired in supine position. Such models are thus inappropriate for a clinical assessment of the 3D reconstruction methods based on radiographs acquired in standing position. Furthermore, the existing methods only provide the reconstruction of the rib midlines or complete 3D rib cage models obtained by deforming generic models. These reconstructions are not adequate in the context of personalized simulation, where the ultimate goal is to plan the clinical strategy providing the best correction both of the internal structures and of the external appearance of the trunk, the latter being the main factor contributing to patient satisfaction. We have proposed a new method in order to address these problems. This method is based only on the two standards radiographs, i.e. the postero-anterior view at 0° and the lateral view. First of all, a semi-automatic detection of the ribs is done on the postero-anterior radiograph, followed by an interactive identification of a set of points on the visible ribs in the lateral view. Then, an automatic reconstruction of the ribs is performed by means of stereo matching points. The originality of this method is that it can predict the undetected ribs in the lateral view, which are mostly those of the upper section of the rib cage, based on the reconstruction of the lower ribs. Finally, a surface is generated along the rib's 3D midline. This surface represents the real thickness of the rib and serves as an anchor for the attachment of soft tissues during the simulation of the spine correction's effect on the whole trunk. A thorough validation was conducted with the help of a synthetic rib cage model. This model represents a real rib cage in standing position . This kind of validation has never been done before. Three cases of scoliotic deformation were considered, namely 0°, 20° and 40° of right-thoracic Cobb angle. In each case, the model was digitized with a coordinate measuring machine and radiographed. 3D reconstructions of the rib cage obtained by the proposed method and the existing method used at Sainte-Justine Hospital were compared to the digitized model. The new method yields mean errors of 11,95 mm (±6,56 mm), 9,30 mm (±5,86 mm) and 8,27 mm (±5,16 mm), compared to the old method which yields mean errors of 23,98 mm (±11,09 mm), 11,80 mm (±6,56 mm) and 14,05 mm (±9,59 mm), for the 0°, 20° and 40° deformations, respectively. Furthermore, simulations were performed on three patients to determine if the rib cage produced by the new method improves the results of the simulator. The results clearly demonstrated that a precise reconstruction of the rib cage significantly improves the simulation results. The main contribution of this project lies in the fact that the new method allows a reliable clinical assessment of rib cage deformities. In addition, the enhanced precision of the 3D reconstruction and the more complete personalization of the rib cage model open up new possibilities. In particular, the simulation of other surgical interventions such as rib resection and lung reconstruction, as well as studies on the relationship between internal bone structures and external trunk shape, could all benefit from a personalized rib cage. Globally, all these projects contribute to reducing the amount of radiation inflicted to patients because less radiographs will be required in order to make a clinical follow up