1,717 research outputs found

    Implicit Surfaces For Modelling Human Heads

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    Mathematical Methods in Tomography

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    This is the seventh Oberwolfach conference on the mathematics of tomography, the first one taking place in 1980. Tomography is the most popular of a series of medical and scientific imaging techniques that have been developed since the mid seventies of the last century

    Parallel Acoustic Delay Line (PADL) Arrays for Photoacoustic Imaging Applications

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    Micromachining process, such as laser micromachining and IC microfabrication process, allows production of complex structures in limited space, which reduces both the size and cost of hardware. In this research, using the advantages of micromachining processes, parallel acoustic delay line (PADL) arrays made of optical fibers and single-crystalline silicon (SCS) have been developed to reduce the number of ultrasonic transducers and data acquisition (DAQ) electronics for real-time photoacoustic tomography (PAT). The PADL arrays allow real-time PAT with the significantly reduced number of ultrasonic transducers and DAQs. Handheld optical PADL array enables more practical operation for photoacoustic imaging applications by miniaturizing previously developed optical PADL array. Sixteen channels of optical fiber PADLs were fabricated and assembled with laser micromachined acrylic housing for the compact structure. By conducting ultrasonic transmission testing, acoustic properties of optical fibers have been characterized. PA imaging capability of optical fiber PADL array has been evaluated by PA imaging experiment. Microfabrication process makes it possible to use single-crystalline silicon as a material for acoustic delay lines. Acoustic properties of silicon were characterized by ultrasonic transmission testing. Based on the characterization result, silicon acoustic delay line was designed into a spiral coil shape to minimize the overall size. Silicon PADLs are better than optical fiber PADL for miniaturization due to the advantages of microfabrication process. Silicon PADL array achieved a channel reduction ratio of 16:1, which is twice the ratio of optical fiber PADL. The PA imaging experiment has demonstrated the PA imaging capability of silicon PADL array. For fast imaging speed and good spatial resolution, silicon PADL array has been improved by applying 3D-printed linker structures and tapered input terminal. Linker structure design has been evaluated by both structural and acoustic simulation. The final design of linker structure is 3D-printed polymer linker to securely hold silicon delay lines with minimal contacts. Tapered input terminal was designed to reduce acoustic acceptance angle for better spatial resolution. Tapered input terminal was evaluated by acoustic simulation with different designs. Those designs and techniques are expected to provide new solutions to reduce the cost and complexity of ultrasonic receiving systems for photoacoustic imaging applications

    Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering and Antenna Problems

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    Sum rules and physical limitations within electromagnetic theory and antenna theory have received significant attention in the last few years. However, the derivations are often relying on application specific and sometimes unsupported assumptions, and therefore a mathematically rigorous and generally applicable approach seems timely. Such an approach is presented in this thesis, along with examples and all the necessary proofs. The approach is also applied in the thesis to derive sum rules and physical limitations on electromagnetic spherical wave scattering. This has not been done before, despite the widespread use of spherical wave decompositions. For example, spherical waves and the antenna scattering matrix provide a complete and compact description of all the important properties of an antenna, are crucial parts in spherical near-field antenna measurements, and have been used recently to model antenna-channel interaction and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. This thesis is also the first to present a method to estimate spherical wave coefficients from propagation channel measurements. The results of this thesis can roughly be divided into three categories: Firstly, a general approach to derive sum rules and physical limitations on input-output systems based on the assumptions of causality and passivity is presented (Paper I). Secondly, sum rules and physical limitations on the scattering and matching of electromagnetic spherical waves are derived, and the implications for antennas are explored (Papers II-IV). Thirdly, a method to estimate spherical wave coefficients from channel measurements, and the results of a measurement campaign, are presented and analysed (Paper V). The thesis consists of a General Introduction and five appended papers

    2008 Index IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Vol. 16

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    This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author\u27s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors\u27 names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author\u27s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index

    2009 Index IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Vol. 8

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    This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author\u27s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors\u27 names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author\u27s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index

    Submicron-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy of Endogenous Light-absorbing Biomolecules

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    Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine has the unique advantage of probing endogenous light absorbers at various length scales with a 100% relative sensitivity. Among the several modalities of photoacoustic imaging, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) can achieve high spatial resolution, on the order of optical wavelength, at \u3c1 mm depth in biological tissue (the optical ballistic regime). OR-PAM has been applied successfully to structural and functional imaging of blood vasculature and red blood cells in vivo. Any molecules which absorb sufficient light at certain wavelengths can potentially be imaged by PAM. Compared with pure optical imaging, which typically targets fluorescent markers, label-free PAM avoids the major concerns that the fluorescent labeling probes may disturb the function of biomolecules and may have an insufficient density. This dissertation aims to advance label-free OR-PAM to the subcellular scale. The first part of this dissertation describes the technological advancement of PAM yielding high spatial resolution in 3D. The lateral resolution was improved by using optical objectives with high numerical apertures for optical focusing. The axial resolution was improved by using broadband ultrasonic transducers for ultrasound detection. We achieved 220 nm lateral resolution in transmission mode, 0.43 µm lateral resolution in reflection mode, 7.6 µm axial resolution in normal tissue, and 5.8 µm axial resolution with silicone oil immersion/injection. The achieved lateral resolution and axial resolution were the finest reported at the time. With high-resolution in 3D, PAM was demonstrated to resolve cellular and subcellular structures in vivo, such as red blood cells and melanosomes in melanoma cells. Compared with previous PAM systems, our high-resolution PAM could resolve capillaries in mouse ears more clearly. As an example application, we demonstrated intracellular temperature imaging, assisted by fluorescence signal detection, with sub-degree temperature resolution and sub-micron lateral resolution. The second part of this dissertation describes the exploration of endogenous light-absorbing biomolecules for PAM. We demonstrated cytochromes and myoglobin as new absorption contrasts for PAM and identified the corresponding optimal wavelengths for imaging. Fixed fibroblasts on slides and mouse ear sections were imaged by PAM at 422 nm and 250 nm wavelengths to reveal cytoplasms and nuclei, respectively, as confirmed by standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology. By imaging a blood-perfused mouse heart at 532 nm down to 150 µm in depth, we derived the myocardial sheet thickness and the cleavage height from an undehydrated heart for the first time. The findings promote PAM at new wavelengths and open up new possibilities for characterizing biological tissue. Of particular interest, dual-wavelength PAM around 250 nm and 420 nm wavelengths is analogous to H&E histology. The last part of this dissertation describes the development of sectioning photoacoustic microscopy (SPAM), based on the advancement in spatial resolution and new contrasts for PAM, with applications in brain histology. Label-free SPAM, assisted by a microtome, acquires serial distortion-free images of a specimen on the surface. By exciting cell nuclei at 266 nm wavelength with high resolution, SPAM could pinpoint cell nuclei sensitively and specifically in the mouse brain section, as confirmed by H&E histology. SPAM was demonstrated to generate high-resolution 3D images, highlighting cell nuclei, of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded mouse brains without tissue staining or clearing. SPAM can potentially serve as a high-throughput and minimal-artifact substitute for histology, probe many other biomolecules and cells, and become a universal tool for animal or human whole-organ microscopy, with diverse applications in life sciences

    Multi-scale volumetric dynamic optoacoustic and laser ultrasound (OPLUS) imaging enabled by semi-transparent optical guidance

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    Major biological discoveries have been made by interrogating living organisms with light. However, the limited penetration of unscattered photons within biological tissues severely limits the depth range covered by optical methods. Deep-tissue imaging has been achieved by combining light and ultrasound. Optoacoustic imaging uniquely exploits optical generation of ultrasound to render high-resolution images at depths unattainable with optical microscopy. Recently, laser ultrasound has further been suggested as a means of generating broadband acoustic waves for high-resolution pulse-echo ultrasound imaging. Herein, we propose an approach to simultaneously interrogate biological tissues with light and ultrasound based on layer-by-layer coating of silica optical fibers with a controlled degree of transparency. We exploit the time separation between optoacoustic signals and ultrasound echoes collected with a custom-made spherical array transducer for simultaneous three-dimensional optoacoustic and laser ultrasound (OPLUS) imaging with a single laser pulse. OPLUS is shown to enable large-scale comprehensive anatomical characterization of tissues along with functional multi-spectral imaging of spectrally-distinctive chromophores and assessment of cardiac dynamics at ultrafast rates only limited by the pulse repetition frequency of the laser. The suggested approach provides a flexible and scalable means for developing a new generation of systems synergistically combining the powerful capabilities of optoacoustics and ultrasound imaging in biology and medicine.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
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