Three-dimensional scanning as a means of archiving sculptures

Thesis (M. Tech. Design technology) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011This dissertation outlines a procedural scanning process using the portable ZCorporation ZScanner® 700 and provides an overview of the developments surrounding 3D scanning technologies; specifically their application for archiving Cultural Heritage sites and projects. The procedural scanning process is structured around the identification of 3D data recording variables applicable to the digital archiving of an art museum’s collection of sculptures. The outlining of a procedural 3D scanning environment supports the developing technology of 3D digital archiving in view of artefact preservation and interactive digital accessibility. Presented in this paper are several case studies that record 3D scanning variables such as texture, scale, surface detail, light and data conversion applicable to varied sculptural surfaces and form. Emphasis is placed on the procedural documentation and the anomalies associated with the physical object, equipment used, and the scanning environment. In support of the above, the Cultural Heritage projects that are analyzed prove that 3D portable scanning could provide digital longevity and access to previously inaccessible arenas for a diverse range of digital data archiving infrastructures. The development of 3D data acquisition via scanning, CAD modelling and 2D to 3D data file conversion technologies as well as the aesthetic effect and standards of digital archiving in terms of the artwork – viewer relationship and international practices or criterions of 3D digitizing are analysed. These projects indicate the significant use of optical 3D scanning techniques and their employ on renowned historical artefacts thus emphasizing their importance, safety and effectiveness. The aim with this research is to establish that the innovation and future implications of 3D scanning could be instrumental to future technological advancement in an interdisciplinary capacity to further data capture and processing in various Cultural Heritage diagnostic applications

Roman portraiture and biometric identification

This project utilised three-dimensional scanning technology in the study of ancient Roman art and archaeology: Roman representations of faces executed in marble. In the cultural heritage sector, three-dimensional (3D) scanning finds its primary application in documenting and reconstructing objects and structures mostly of simple geometry: bones, pottery, architecture or the imprint of whole archaeological sites (Adolf 2011). In forensic science, the face is interesting from investigative and probative perspectives, including both recognition and identification. Biometric methods of facial recognition have been part of a plethora of computer science-based applications used in the verification of identity (Davy et al. 2005, Goodwin, Evison and Schofield 2010). The aim of this initial project is to provide objective relevant measurements of key facial features from the two ancient Roman portrait statue three-dimensional scans, which will allow the delineation of relationships between individual portraits including formal and stylistics aspects. The work described in this paper proposal is truly multidisciplinary, it touches on many fields including : Classical archaeologies (specifically ancient art history in the period of the Roman Empire 31BC - AD400), Forensic Anthropology (specifically physical anthropology and human osteology, Facial Biometrics (specifically uniquely recognising humans based upon their intrinsic physical traits and features) and Computer Science and Statistics (specifically the analysis of large complex multi-dimensional data sets)

Roman portraiture and biometric identification

This project utilised three-dimensional scanning technology in the study of ancient Roman art and archaeology: Roman representations of faces executed in marble. In the cultural heritage sector, three-dimensional (3D) scanning finds its primary application in documenting and reconstructing objects and structures mostly of simple geometry: bones, pottery, architecture or the imprint of whole archaeological sites (Adolf 2011). In forensic science, the face is interesting from investigative and probative perspectives, including both recognition and identification. Biometric methods of facial recognition have been part of a plethora of computer science-based applications used in the verification of identity (Davy et al. 2005, Goodwin, Evison and Schofield 2010). The aim of this initial project is to provide objective relevant measurements of key facial features from the two ancient Roman portrait statue three-dimensional scans, which will allow the delineation of relationships between individual portraits including formal and stylistics aspects. The work described in this paper proposal is truly multidisciplinary, it touches on many fields including : Classical archaeologies (specifically ancient art history in the period of the Roman Empire 31BC - AD400), Forensic Anthropology (specifically physical anthropology and human osteology, Facial Biometrics (specifically uniquely recognising humans based upon their intrinsic physical traits and features) and Computer Science and Statistics (specifically the analysis of large complex multi-dimensional data sets)

Museus tradicionais e museus virtuais: os objectos modelos 3D numa relação paradigmática

A partir de uma perspectiva sociológica pretende-se abordar na área específica da museologia a definição de dois conceitos básicos fundamentais: museu e objecto de museu. Elaborada à luz de uma inovação tecnológica para a museologia contemporânea, no caso, a digitalização, modelação e projecção de objectos em 3D, pretende-se analisar a evolução dos dois conceitos enunciados, os quais, com a introdução das tecnologias de ponta na sociedade do século XXI, vêm desconcertar o mundo museológico, levantando interrogações estruturais e tornando as suas definições algo problemáticas. Com o principal intuito de pensar a museologia, o presente trabalho constitui-se numa narrativa de análise crítica que enquanto questiona a legitimidade dos conceitos de museu e de objecto de museu, coloca questões indagadoras e reflexivas que permitem descortinar e, com maior pertinência, perceber de uma forma alargada e flexível as alterações destas definições, bem como as repercussões que as mesmas impulsionaram no panorama museológico geral e no modo se fazer museologia em particular.This dissertation seeks to explore, from a sociological perspective in the specific area of museology, the definition of two basic concepts: museum and museum object. In the view of a technological innovation for the contemporary museology, in this case, 3D acquisition, 3D scanning and 3D projection of objects, I intend to analyze the evolution of the two mentioned concepts, which, with the introduction of the high technologies in the society of the 21th century, come to mix up the museologic world, raising structural interrogations and provoking somewhat problematic definitions. The present work consists in a narrative of critical analysis that, while it questions the legitimacy of the concepts of museum and museum object, stresses investigating and reflexive questions that allow to disclose and, with much relevancy, compreend in a widened and flexible way the alterations of these definitions, as well as the repercussions that they had stimulated in museology as well as in museological practice

Nuevas tecnologías en levantamientos aplicadas a la restauración: “El Giraldillo’’

[ES] El trabajo hace referencia al levantamiento mediante un escáner láser basado en tiempo de vuelo y modelado sólido de la copia, realizada por métodos tradicionales, de la veleta que corona la torre de la Giralda de Sevilla, el conocido “Giraldillo”.Las grandes dimensiones del objeto de estudio y su ubicación en un lugar público hacen que otros métodos de obtención de datos no puedan aplicarse o precisen elementos auxiliares para su puesta en práctica, lo cual supondría tener inhabilitada su exposición durante un tiempo.Con ocasión del trabajo se tendrá oportunidad de contrastar los resultados de la aplicación de técnicas de levantamiento mediante estación total láser y escaneado láser tridimensional.[EN] This work consists in the geometric survey of a big statue by means of a laser scanner and solid modelling. It has been chosen, for its complexity and singularity of the image. It’s about the copy of the weather vane that crowns the tower of the Giralda of Seville, the well-known " Giraldillo ", carried out by traditional methods a few years ago. The big dimensions of the study object and its location in a public place make that other methods of obtaining of data cannot be applied without using auxiliary elements to be carried out, this would suppose to have disable its exhibition during a certain time.By means of this experience we will have opportunity to contrast the results of the application of technical of geometric survey with laser total station and threedimensional laser scanner.Barrera Vera, JA.; Pérez Romero, A.; Ortiz Marín, R.; Cobos Gutiérrez, C. (2011). Nuevas tecnologías en levantamientos aplicadas a la restauración: “El Giraldillo’’. Virtual Archaeology Review. 2(3):115-120. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2011.4628OJS11512023AGUILAR GÁLEA, José A. (2004): Métodos y técnicas de reproducción artística aplicadas a la conservación y difusión del patrimonio escultórico. I Congreso Internacional de Patrimonio, Desarrollo rural y Turismo en el siglo XXI. Osuna.BARRERA VERA, José A. (2006).: Aplicación de tecnologías innovadoras en la documentación geométrica del Patrimonio Arquitectónico y Arqueológico. Tesis Doctoral. Sevilla.BARRERA VERA, José A et al. (2005): Nuevas tecnologías de levantamiento aplicadas a la arqueología y la restauración: La muralla almohade de Sevilla. Sevilla.COBOS GUTIÉRREZ, Carlos et al.(2008): Introducción a la representación gráfica por ordenador. Sevilla (Publicaciones de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla)ROCCHINI, C.; CIGNONI, P.; MONTANI,C.; PINGI, P.; SCOPIGNO, R.; FONTANA, R.; GRECO, M.;PAMPALONI, E.;PEZZATI, L.; CYGIELMAN, M.; GIACHIETTI, R.; GORI, G.; MICCIO, M.; PECCHIOLI, R.: 3D Scanning the Minerva of Arezzo.PEZZATI, L. et al. (2008): 3D Scanning of Artworks . Handbook on the Use of Laser in Conservation and Conservation Science.RICO IGLESIAS, Daniel.: Aplicación de herramientas informáticas industriales de alto nivel a levantamientos historico-artisticos: El Giraldillo de Sevilla. Proyecto Fin de Carrera.GALLARDO FUENTES, José M.; JIMÉNEZ MARTIN A. (1998): Cuatro siglos de reparaciones del Giraldillo. El Giraldillo (La mirada del otro). Sevilla.MORÓN DE CASTRO, María F. (2006): La escultura del Giraldillo de la Catedral de Sevilla y su interpretación iconológica. Córdoba: (Publicaciones Caja Sur)

Feasibility and performance analysis in 3D printing of artworks using laser scanning microprofilometry

We investigated optical scanning microprofilometry and conoscopic holography sensors as nondestructive testing and evaluation tools in archeology for obtaining an accurate 3D printed reproduction of the data. The modular microprofilometer prototype allows a versatile acquisition of different materials and shapes producing a high-quality dataset that enables surface modelling at micrometric scales from which a "scientific" replica can be obtained through 3D printing technologies. As exemplar case study, an archeological amphora was acquired and 3D printed. In order to test the feasibility and the performance of the whole process chain from the acquisition to the reproduction, we propose a statistical multiscale analysis of the surface signal of object and replica based on metrological parameters. This approach allows to demonstrate that the accuracy of the 3D printing process preserves the range of spatial wavelengths that characterizes the surface features of interest within the technology capabilities. This work extends the usefulness of the replicas from museum exposition to scientific applications

Metric survey of the monument of Queen Elisenda's Tomb in the monastery of Pedralbes, Barcelona

When an urban development is planned the cartography of this territory is necessary, in the same way before starting a project to rehabilitate a monument the graphic information about it has to be available. At present, different techniques are available which allow to obtain three-dimensional models with a different accuracy level and runtimes. This paper shows the work carried out to obtain the graphic information and three-dimensional models that are necessary for the rehabilitation project of the tomb of Queen Elisenda in the Monastery of Pedralbes, Barcelona (Spain). This monument has the peculiarity of being symmetrical about the wall separating monastery church and the cloister. To do this, different techniques have been used that allow us to obtain an accurate model and as complete as possible, for the analysis of the construction process of the monument. In order to achieve the complete architectural survey the integration of laser scanning and photogrammetric data, and CAD models has been necessary. Due to the detail of the sculptures and the Queen’s sarcophagus two sensors, with different resolution, range and accuracy, have been used to obtain the laser scanning data. Stereo pairs have been taken to obtain the 3D model of these elements to complete the model and obtain an ortophotography. In this way, a comparative analysis of both techniques has been carried out, in order to decide which one is the suitable for certain application. This investigation has been restricted to the tomb, in the two symmetrical parts of the monument.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Applications of low-cost 3D imaging techniques for the documentation of heritage objects

3D image recording has reached an increasing impact on the field of cultural heritage. Applications include documentation of the state of conservation and dimensions of an object, the archaeological survey of artefacts, the dissemination of museum collections and sites, and packaging designing, among others. The 3D image acquisition techniques most commonly used are laser or structured light scanning and, increasingly, close range digital photogrammetry. In this work a 3D digitization case-study is presented in order to explore the advantages and possibilities of close range digital photogrammetry respect to scanning techniques in documentation of heritage objects. Free and low-cost software used by these techniques were tested and the quality of the results obtained in each case is analyzed. The potentiality of close range digital photogrammetry to enhance the resolution of the 3D recording is also discussed.Fil: Morita, María Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas; ArgentinaFil: Bilmes, Gabriel Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas; Argentin

Aplicaciones de técnicas de imágenes 3D de bajo costo para documentación de bienes culturales

3D image recording has reached an increasing impact on the field of cultural heritage. Applications include documentation of the state of conservation and dimensions of an object, the archaeological survey of artefacts, the dissemination of museum collections and sites, and packaging designing, among others. The 3D image acquisition techniques most commonly used are laser or structured light scanning and, increasingly, close range digital photogrammetry. In this work a 3D digitization case-study is presented in order to explore the advantages and possibilities of close range digital photogrammetry respect to scanning techniques in documentation of heritage objects. Free and low-cost software used by these techniques were tested and the quality of the results obtained in each case is analyzed. The potentiality of close range digital photogrammetry to enhance the resolution of the 3D recording is also discussed.El registro de imágenes 3D ha tenido un impacto creciente en el campo de los bienes culturales. Las aplicaciones incluyen la documentación del estado de conservación y de las dimensiones de un objeto, el estudio arqueológico de artefactos, la difusión de las colecciones de museos y sitios y el diseño de embalaje, entre otros. Las técnicas de adquisición de imágenes 3D comúnmente más usadas son el escaneo con láser y con luz estructurada y, cada vez más, la fotogrametría digital de objeto cercano. En este trabajo, se presenta un estudio de caso de digitalización 3D para explorar las ventajas y posibilidades de la fotogrametría digital de objeto cercano respecto a las técnicas de escaneo en documentación de bienes culturales. Se probaron software gratuitos y de bajo costo y se analizó la calidad de los resultados obtenidos en cada caso. También se discute la potencialidad de la fotogrametría digital de objeto cercano para optimizar la resolución.Centro de Investigaciones Óptica