Design of a CSK-CDMA Based Indoor Visible Light Communication Transceiver using Raspberry Pi and LabVIEW

Visible Light Communication (VLC) has drastically drawn the attention of both academia and industry as it can offer simultaneous lighting and data communication in an indoor environment. Additionally, VLC also tender a viable means to assuage the radio spectrum crunch. However, the data rate of the VLC system is choked because of the limited modulation bandwidth of Light Emitting Diode (LED), baseband modules, and intersymbol interference (ISI). In this article, an indoor VLC based software-defined radio (SDR) is designed and implemented that make use of Color Shift Keying (CSK) modulation, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique, and Raspberry Pi (RPi) to enabled the ISI free high data rate communication. The SDR is designed in LabVIEW software interfaced with the MATLAB and tested for text transmission. Numerous experiments were conducted on SDR at different alignments of transmitter and receiver. Our findings through experimentation showed that the SDR delivers an improved data rate of 2.645Mbps. Over and above, MATLAB based simulation packages are also conceived that validate the effectiveness of the proposed CSK-CDMA based VLC system. The bit-error-rate (BER) results of the proposed system are compared with the traditional CSK-OOK based VLC system. The results are quite impressive and show remarkable coding gain

Interference Analysis for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications at 28 GHz

High capacity and ultra-reliable vehicular communication are going to be important aspects of beyond 5G communication networks. However, the vehicular communication problem becomes complex at a large scale when vehicles are roaming on the road, while simultaneously communicating with each other. Moreover, at higher frequencies (like 28 GHz), the dynamics of vehicular communication completely shift towards unpredictability and low-reliability. These factors may result in high packet error and a large amount of interference, resulting in regular disruptions in communications. A thorough understanding of performance variations is the key to moving towards the next generation of vehicular networks. With this intent, this article aims to provide a comprehensive interference analysis, wherein the closed-form expressions of packet error probability (PEP) and ergodic capacity are derived. Using the expression of the PEP, diversity analysis is provided which unveils the impact of channel nonlinearities on the performance of interference-constrained vehicular networks. The insights provided here are expected to pave the way for reliable and high capacity vehicular communication networks

The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers - vol. 1

This is the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers, edited from materials offered by the authors who responded to the editor’s invitation. The authors are listed alphabetically. The introduction contains a short history of neutrosophics, together with links to the main papers and books. Neutrosophic set, neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic probability, neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic precalculus, neutrosophic calculus and so on are gaining significant attention in solving many real life problems that involve uncertainty, impreciseness, vagueness, incompleteness, inconsistent, and indeterminacy. In the past years the fields of neutrosophics have been extended and applied in various fields, such as: artificial intelligence, data mining, soft computing, decision making in incomplete / indeterminate / inconsistent information systems, image processing, computational modelling, robotics, medical diagnosis, biomedical engineering, investment problems, economic forecasting, social science, humanistic and practical achievements

Descriptive to Substantive Representation: A Study of Gender Quotas in the National Assembly of Pakistan, 2002-2018

Women’s political representation is linked to the empowerment of women in society. In efforts to alleviate women’s disenfranchisement from the political discourse, the international development framework included gender quotas as mechanisms to facilitate an increase in the presence of women in parliaments. Existing research has examined the link between Hanna F. Pitkin’s conceptualization of descriptive representation and substantive representation with a focus on performative measures of women parliamentarians. This longitudinal study expands the scope of existing inquiry and captures the transformational change in power relations as an outcome of the increase in women members of parliaments. This research provides an in-depth review of the constitutional mandate of 17 per cent gender quotas in Pakistan’s National Assembly from the adoption in 2002 to 2018. An intersectional comparative approach is utilized to trace Pakistan’s longest democratic rule to date of 16 years, comprised of three National Assemblies, as a case study of representation. A review of historical and feminist dimensions suggests geo-political and identity implications on women’s participation in the political sphere. The findings demonstrate a limited impact of the increase in descriptive representation through gender quotas on women’s substantive representation

Exploiting Ontology Recommendation Using Text Categorization Approach

Semantic Web is considered as the backbone of web 3.0 and ontologies are an integral part of the Semantic Web. Though an increase of ontologies in different domains is reported due to various benefits which include data heterogeneity, automated information analysis, and reusability, however, finding an appropriate ontology according to user requirement remains cumbersome task due to time and efforts required, context-awareness, and computational complexity. To overcome these issues, an ontology recommendation framework is proposed. The Proposed framework employs text categorization and unsupervised learning techniques. The benefits of the proposed framework are twofold: 1) ontology organization according to the opinion of domain experts and 2) ontology recommendation with respect to user requirement. Moreover, an evaluation model is also proposed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of ontologies organization and recommendation. The main consequences of the proposed framework are 1) ontologies of a corpus can be organized effectively, 2) no effort and time are required to select an appropriate ontology, 3) computational complexity is only limited to the use of unsupervised learning techniques, and 4) due to no requirement of context awareness, the proposed framework can be effective for any corpus or online libraries of ontologies

Making Policy on the Front Page: How the National Media Shape Indian Foreign Policy Toward Pakistan

This thesis explains how national media shape Indian foreign policy toward Pakistan. I use empirical research to explore the contribution of national media to the formulation of policy during the 1999 Kargil War and 2001 Agra Summit between India and Pakistan. I created a database of news articles in the leading national English newspapers—The Times of India and Hindustan Times and then coded and analyzed them. I analyze the media’s role by identifying trends in media strategies such as framing, agenda setting, and manufacturing consent. In addition, I analyze government documents and parliamentary debates to gather information on the policy processes and on government- media relations. I suggest that the media’s role in shaping policy depends on the level of internal dissent, understood as disagreement between the government and the opposition parties. I argue that national dissent allows the media to emerge as an independent actor, influencing the formulation of foreign policy by presenting their own opinions and policy suggestions. This was the case during the Agra Summit. On the other hand, as seen in the case of the Kargil War, during times of national consensus, the media echo the government’s voice and garner public support for the government’s actions. As such, this thesis contributes to existing scholarship and primary fieldwork by providing an original analysis of the intersection of media and foreign policy

Dynamics of Pakistan’s Ballistic Missile Acquisition

Arms dynamic studies are concerned with explaining the causes and consequences of state’s decision to acquire arms. Such studies are dominated by two opposing models. First, the action-reaction model, which posits a state’s decision to acquire arms as a rational response to external threats and consequently it enables them to deter belligerent adversaries. Second, the domestic structure model, which holds that arms acquisitions are an outcome of domestic interests and consequently create instability and strain political relations. Traditionally the two models have competed for exclusivity in explaining armament phenomena. However, more recent studies argue that they are, in fact, not mutually exclusive but complementary to each other. The basic underlying assumption of these studies is, while external security threats may provide a rationale for a state to acquire arms the scale and manner by which the state arms itself will be determined by domestic forces. The basic generalisations for the two models have been extracted from the armament dynamics of the Cold War superpowers or the major arms producing states from the Western Hemisphere or Global North. In the case of less industrialised weapons producer like Pakistan the literature takes a narrow approach, identifying its behaviour as congruent with action- reaction model and downplaying the importance of domestic-structure model. This thesis argues that not only the action-reaction process in the case of Pakistan’s ballistic missile competition vis-à-vis that of India is less understood but domestic factors have also played a crucial role in the ballistic missile acquisition. In accordance with this argument this thesis hopes to conduct a twofold analysis into the external and internal dynamics of Pakistan’s ballistic missile acquisition. The research postulates that while external threats have provided rationale for Pakistan’s ballistic missile programme, domestic factors have intervened to influence certain missile developments in the programme