The analysis of apologizing expressions in the novel entitled “Where Love was Lost” by Marilyn Lynch (a socio-pragmatics approach)

This research is based on the Socio-Pragmatics study. Aims of the research are to find out the kinds of apologizing expressions, the strategy of apology and why each type of apology strategy is employed by characters in novel “Where Love Was Lost”. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method. Data of the research are taken from apologizing acts in form of conversation in the novel entitled “Where Love Was Lost” used by the characters. The sampling technique applied in this research is a purposive sampling technique. In classifying the types of apology strategy, the researcher uses Olstain and Cohen theory. There are 29 apologizing expressions in the analysis. They are divided into two kinds of apologizing expressions. They are direct and indirect apology. The direct apology uses apology verbs, such as apology, be sorry, forgive, excuse, or pardon. The absence of direct apology expression is called indirect apology. In other words, in the indirect apology, there is no apology verb within the expression of apology There are eight strategies of apology in the analysis. They are an expression of regret, an offer of apology, a request, an explanation, an accepting the blame, an expressing self-deficiency, an expression the lack and a promise of forbearance. In addition, in the analysis, the researcher also finds simple and complex strategy used by the characters. Simple strategy of apology consists of one semantic formula, while complex strategy of apology consists of more than one semantics formulas. The reasons why the types of apology are employed by the characters depend on the degree of mistakes, situation, social status and the relationship between the characters. The important thing is that the type of apology is able to maintain the harmony between the characters and restore the interaction balance with the offended. Maintaining the harmony between the characters is significant since it is required to maintain the relationship between the offender and the offended. Meanwhile, restoring interaction balance with the offended is required to repair the mistake of the offender. Hopefully, this research will be useful for other researchers who are interested in studying apologizing acts. They can have other researches using different points of view as well as from other data source such as; drama and film either in the same or other approaches

Cross-cultural dimensions of politeness in the case of Polish and English

Przedmiotem pracy są zagadnienia realizacji językowej grzecznościowych aktów mowy: powitań, pożegnań, podziękowań, przeproszeń, komplementów, gratulacji, życzeń, toastów i kondolencji. Autorka przeprowadziła pragmatyczną analizę kontrastywną grzecznościowego zachowania językowego w języku polskim i angielskim, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem różnic i podobieństw tak w formie, jak i w treści formuł grzecznościowych używanych w różnych kontekstach (analiza ta miała za zadanie umożliwić autorce odpowiedzenie na następujące pytania: W jakim stopniu grzecznościowe zachowanie językowe różni się w tych dwóch językach? Gdzie można dostrzec największą różnicę?). Praca składa się z trzech rozdziałów oraz wniosków. Rozdział 1 przedstawia tło pragmatyczne, w rozdziale 2. opisana jest metodologia, która stanowiła podstawę badań i określiła tok analizy, rozdział 3 zawiera pragmatyczną analizę kontrastywną wybranych zwrotów grzecznościowych w języku polskim i angielskim

The Analysis of Social and Discourse Deixes in the ‘Bird Box’ Novel by Josh Malerman

Many representations of human thoughts, ideas, opinions, and messages are portrayed in diverse situations of the character in literary works. Among the works are such as novels. Deixis is concerned with the encoding of many different aspects of the circumstances surrounding the utterances and within the utterances themselves. This study aims to find out the type of social deixis and discourse deixis used in the novel ‘‘Bird Box’’ written by Josh Malerman, published in 2014. The research design used is the qualitative approach with document analysis as the data collection technique. Cruse’s theory (2000) is applied to analyze the data related to the types of social deixis and discourse deixis found in the novel. The results of this research show that there are 475 data containing social deixis and discourse deixis, with 317 data of social deixis (of these, 307 data are related to relational social deixis and 10 data are related to absolute social deixis), and 158 data of discourse deixis. Understanding deixis, especially while reading works like novels, is a means to understanding the plot as well as the characters portrayed and to reduce the amount of ambiguity. Moreover, using the proper deictic words will help foreign language learners, such as English non-native students, in their efforts to produce effective communication, whether in spoken or written forms. Keywords: deixis; social deixis, discourse deixis; nove

Experiential microscenes and semantic movements in Dear Abby

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondent

Lying: Strategies to Manage Undesirable Communicative Situations in Japan and New Zealand

This study explores how Japanese and New Zealand people manage undesirable communicative situations by applying lying strategies, specifically, how they manage refusal situations by using untruthful excuses. Lying is a communicative strategy that people sometimes adopt to manage undesirable situations in everyday conversation. However, previous studies have not focused on what types of lies are employed or how lies are delivered in such situations. In addition, the use of lies is likely to differ among different cultures and this could lead to miscommunication. Thus, it is worthwhile to conduct a cross-cultural study on this topic. The study aims to find out, by focusing on specific situations involving refusals, what types of lies—or untruthful excuses—people use, how lies are employed between different cultural groups, and how culture influences the use of lies in conversation. For this purpose, lies used in refusal conversations—one request-refusal and two invitation-refusal conversations—were analysed within an interactional sociolinguistic framework and by drawing on interpersonal communication theory. The data consisted of role-play conversations performed by 64 pairs of friends (32 Japanese and 32 New Zealanders pairs) in Japanese and English respectively. The following key findings emerged. First, the choice of type of lies differed between the two data sets. The Japanese participants chose lies to demonstrate an unequivocal refusal message, for example, showing strong rejection with a surfeit of reasoning in their excuses. Such lies preclude negotiation and, therefore, the likelihood of further uncertainty or conflict. In this way harmony was maintained. The New Zealand participants followed social protocols to lie, for instance, lying about a prior arrangement with a simple explanation. Negotiation subsequently took place based on the information provided in conversation. Second, the emergent data suggested that culture influenced how lies were perceived. Japanese participants appeared to share an implicit understanding that lies are likely to be used in the refusal situation; by contrast, New Zealand participants acted without this presumption. This interpretation follows from the finding that the Japanese often disregard the information offered in untruthful excuses. The New Zealanders however, treat untruthful excuses as a genuine source of information. Third, Japanese and New Zealand participants tended to apply politeness strategies differently. The Japanese used strong and direct expressions in their lies. These were positive politeness strategies to show closeness to friends or in-group members. The New Zealanders tended not to differentiate between in-group and out-group members and applied similar politeness strategies to everyone. Through a comparative analysis, the study provides new knowledge how Japanese and New Zealanders use different types of lies in a different manner to handle potentially difficult interpersonal communicative situations such as refusals. It also demonstrates that lying is the result of complex, culturally influenced processes: the use of lies is underpinned by cultural preferences and protocols in relation to cultural values, the perception of lying, and communication style. The study has made a strong emphasis on importance of understanding the rationale behind the use of lies particularly for intercultural settings

The Students’ Error in Writing Descriptive Text

This study deals with an analysis on student‟ errors in writing Decsriptive text. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out the kinds of error made by students in writing descriptive text, (2) to find out the most dominant kinds of error made by students in writing descriptive text. This study was conducted at SMP SWASTA BUDI SETIA SUNGGAL with the number of population was 175 students of eight grade students. They were into five classes. By using random sampling and the number of sample was 35 students of eight grade students. Written test instrument was used in this research. The method of the research was descriptive quantitative method. The research of this study is only one week. The result of the test showed that there were four types of error in writing. They were omission, addition, misformation and misordering. The dominant types of error in writing descriptive text was omission with 86 or 43% error, then misformation with 45 or 22.5%. Next misordering error with 39 or 19.5%. And the last addition error with 30 or 15%. The cause of error found in students” writing text, they were intralingual interference, interlingual interference and carelessness

Discourse markers of extremist speech in religious discourse. A study of Pastor Steven Anderson’s online sermons

The aim of this dissertation is to find evidence of a pattern in the use of Discourse Markers, indicative of suggestive language used for extremist and radical views. In order to better understand how these Discourse Markers might be used and how to linguistically identify them in written and spoken speech. Secondly, it will also attempt to understand how these Discourse Markers, such as “look” and “you know” work in swaying the listeners/readers to the speaker/writer’s favor. One hypothesis is the use of the DM “you know” as way to belittle the dispute to the initial position supported by the speaker as to sway the listener/reader onto to the speaker’s point of view. Another hypothesis is the use of the audience’s subconscious fears might be used as a weak point to convert them.O objetivo desta dissertação é encontrar evidências de um padrão n o uso de Marcadores Discursivos, indicativo de liguagem sugestiva utilizado para visões extremistas e radicais, a fim de melhor entender como esses Marcadores Discursivos podem ser utilizados e como identificá los linguisticamente emes texto escrita e oral. Em segundo lugar, também tentará entender como esses Marcadores Discursivos, como “look” e “you know” funcionam para influenciar os ouvintes/leitores a favor do falante/escritor. Uma hipótese é o uso do Marcador Discursivo “you know” como uma maneira de minimizar a validez do contra argumento utilizado contra a idea defendida pelo orador, conseguindo converter o ouvinte/leitor ao ponto de vista do falante. Outra hipótese será a utilização dos medos subconscientes do público como ponto fraco para os converter