North American flora.

v. 29, pt. 1 (1914

The kinetic glass transition of the Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 bulk metallic glass former-supercooled liquids on a long time scale

Viscosity and enthalpy relaxation from the amorphous state into the supercooled liquid state was investigated in the bulk metallic glass forming Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 alloy below the calorimetric glass transition. At different temperatures, the viscosities relax into states that obey the same Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann relation as the data obtained at higher temperatures in the supercooled liquid. Enthalpy recovery experiments after relaxation in the same temperature range show that the enthalpy of the material reaches values that also corresponds to the supercooled liquid state. The glass relaxes into a metastable supercooled liquid state, if it is observed on a long time scale. Equilibration is possible far below the calorimetric glass transition and very likely even below the isentropic temperature

ARSTREAM: A Neural Network Model of Auditory Scene Analysis and Source Segregation

Multiple sound sources often contain harmonics that overlap and may be degraded by environmental noise. The auditory system is capable of teasing apart these sources into distinct mental objects, or streams. Such an "auditory scene analysis" enables the brain to solve the cocktail party problem. A neural network model of auditory scene analysis, called the AIRSTREAM model, is presented to propose how the brain accomplishes this feat. The model clarifies how the frequency components that correspond to a give acoustic source may be coherently grouped together into distinct streams based on pitch and spatial cues. The model also clarifies how multiple streams may be distinguishes and seperated by the brain. Streams are formed as spectral-pitch resonances that emerge through feedback interactions between frequency-specific spectral representaion of a sound source and its pitch. First, the model transforms a sound into a spatial pattern of frequency-specific activation across a spectral stream layer. The sound has multiple parallel representations at this layer. A sound's spectral representation activates a bottom-up filter that is sensitive to harmonics of the sound's pitch. The filter activates a pitch category which, in turn, activate a top-down expectation that allows one voice or instrument to be tracked through a noisy multiple source environment. Spectral components are suppressed if they do not match harmonics of the top-down expectation that is read-out by the selected pitch, thereby allowing another stream to capture these components, as in the "old-plus-new-heuristic" of Bregman. Multiple simultaneously occuring spectral-pitch resonances can hereby emerge. These resonance and matching mechanisms are specialized versions of Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, which clarifies how pitch representations can self-organize durin learning of harmonic bottom-up filters and top-down expectations. The model also clarifies how spatial location cues can help to disambiguate two sources with similar spectral cures. Data are simulated from psychophysical grouping experiments, such as how a tone sweeping upwards in frequency creates a bounce percept by grouping with a downward sweeping tone due to proximity in frequency, even if noise replaces the tones at their interection point. Illusory auditory percepts are also simulated, such as the auditory continuity illusion of a tone continuing through a noise burst even if the tone is not present during the noise, and the scale illusion of Deutsch whereby downward and upward scales presented alternately to the two ears are regrouped based on frequency proximity, leading to a bounce percept. Since related sorts of resonances have been used to quantitatively simulate psychophysical data about speech perception, the model strengthens the hypothesis the ART-like mechanisms are used at multiple levels of the auditory system. Proposals for developing the model to explain more complex streaming data are also provided.Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-01-1-0397, F49620-92-J-0225); Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0624); Advanced Research Projects Agency (N00014-92-J-4015); British Petroleum (89A-1204); National Science Foundation (IRI-90-00530); American Society of Engineering Educatio

Business Training, Volume 1, Number 5, August 1914

Newsletter of the Rhode Island Commercial School (RICS) owned by Henry Jacobs. In 1916 RICS merged with Bryant & Stratton when Jacobs bought Bryant. Photos of teachers Gertrude Johnson and Mary Wales appear on page 5. Johnson and Wales left RICS to form Johnson & Wales (now Johnson & Wales University) in 1914

Another View: The Splendor and Misery of the Russian Press

Chaumié Joseph. 186. 19 juillet 1902 : Instruction relative au plan d'études (extraits). In: L'histoire et la géographie dans l'enseignement secondaire. Textes officiels. Tome 1: 1795-1914. Paris : Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 2000. pp. 691-692. (Bibliothèque de l'Histoire de l'Education, 8

The puzzling merging cluster Abell 1914: new insights from the kinematics of member galaxies

We analyze the dynamical state of Abell 1914, a merging cluster hosting a radio halo, quite unusual for its structure. Our study considers spectroscopic data for 119 galaxies obtained with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We select 89 cluster members from spatial and velocity distributions. We also use photometry Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope archives. We compute the mean cluster redshift, =0.168, and the velocity dispersion which shows a high value, sigma_v=1210_{-110}^{+125} km/s. From the 2D analysis we find that Abell 1914 has a NE-SW elongated structure with two galaxy clumps, that mostly merge in the plane of the sky. Our best, but very uncertain estimate of the velocity dispersion of the main system is sigma_v~1000 km/s. We estimate a virial mass M_sys=1.4--2.6 10^{15} h_{70}^{-1} Msun for the whole system. We study the merger through a simple two-body model and find that data are consistent with a bound, outgoing substructure observed just after the core crossing. By studying the 2D distribution of the red galaxies, photometrically selected, we show that Abell 1914 is contained in a rich large scale structure, with two close companion galaxy systems, known to be at z~0.17. The system at SW supports the idea that the cluster is accreting groups from a filament aligned in the NE-SW direction, while that at NW suggests a second direction of the accretion NW-SE. We conclude that Abell 1914 well fits among typical clusters with radio halos. We argue that the unusual radio emission is connected to the complex cluster accretion and suggest that Abell 1914 resembles the well-known nearby merging cluster Abell 754 for its particular observed phenomenology.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, 2 table

A Critical Edition of AI-Lu'lu' al-Manthur fi Nasihat Wulat al-Umur by Nur-al-Din al-SamhudI (d.911H)

This thesis is the outcome of an investigation to authenticate and verify a work titled UaI-Ju''lu' al-ManthurnN~I!Jat Wulat al-Umur' (Pearls ofAdvice to Rulers) written by Nur-al-Din al-Samhuctr, also known as the Faqih (jurist) and historian of Madina. He lived in the' 9th Hijri century during the closing stages of the Mamluk era (844-911 AH). In his work, al-Samhudf presented a series of reminders and admonitions focused on governance, and woven in an attractive admonitory style. At the same time, he mentioned a number of problems that were prevalent in his time, analysing these and presenting the ShaIf'ah perspective on them from his own viewpoint. The work may be classified in the genre or body of knowledge dedicated to the admonition of kings and rulers, which is part of al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyyah (Islamic politics). The work may also be considered an example and model of how to tender n~I!Jah (advice) to kings and rulers, whereby it contained meanings and topics of interest to the ruler in his time, as well as other meanings of use to every ruler and king at any time.' This research involved a substantial academic examination of the science of Islamic . politics which includes through providing a critical edition to the manuscript in question. It also attempts to analyse the content of the manuscript and prov~des a detailed introduction to manuscript and its author. In doing so, the research also·, discussed in detail the Mamluk period, which had signifcant impact on the content of the manuscript. In sum, the present research provides a critical evaluation of a valued manuscript.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Childhood disrupted : Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s unfinished autobiography Before the knowledge of evil

As Mary Jean Corbett in Representing Femininity (1992), Linda Peterson in Traditions of Victorian Women’s Autobiography (1999) and David Amigoni in Life Writing and Victorian Culture (2006) have all noted, Victorian women could write about their lives in several ways: autobiographies, diaries, letters, journals, memoirs and disguised within their fiction. Braddon utilised several of these options, including diaries between the years 1880-1914 and an autobiographical account of her childhood that she tellingly entitled ‘Before the Knowledge of Evil’ (Reel 1).1 She began writing this account in 1914, but after one hundred and eighty-five pages of typescript she had only reached the age of nine; presumably she was going to continue to write her entire life history, but she died before its completion. Autobiographies can be used in several ways, and Braddon’s account will be discussed as an example of Victorian women’s autobiography of childhood; as a snapshot of history in the 1830-40s; as an exploration of the inner psychology of a child; as revealing Braddon’s nostalgia for a time past; and finally to explore how she makes a case for a child’s right to have a childhood

ARSTREAM: A Neural Network Model of Auditory Scene Analysis and Source Segregation

Multiple sound sources often contain harmonics that overlap and may be degraded by environmental noise. The auditory system is capable of teasing apart these sources into distinct mental objects, or streams. Such an "auditory scene analysis" enables the brain to solve the cocktail party problem. A neural network model of auditory scene analysis, called the AIRSTREAM model, is presented to propose how the brain accomplishes this feat. The model clarifies how the frequency components that correspond to a give acoustic source may be coherently grouped together into distinct streams based on pitch and spatial cues. The model also clarifies how multiple streams may be distinguishes and seperated by the brain. Streams are formed as spectral-pitch resonances that emerge through feedback interactions between frequency-specific spectral representaion of a sound source and its pitch. First, the model transforms a sound into a spatial pattern of frequency-specific activation across a spectral stream layer. The sound has multiple parallel representations at this layer. A sound's spectral representation activates a bottom-up filter that is sensitive to harmonics of the sound's pitch. The filter activates a pitch category which, in turn, activate a top-down expectation that allows one voice or instrument to be tracked through a noisy multiple source environment. Spectral components are suppressed if they do not match harmonics of the top-down expectation that is read-out by the selected pitch, thereby allowing another stream to capture these components, as in the "old-plus-new-heuristic" of Bregman. Multiple simultaneously occuring spectral-pitch resonances can hereby emerge. These resonance and matching mechanisms are specialized versions of Adaptive Resonance Theory, or ART, which clarifies how pitch representations can self-organize durin learning of harmonic bottom-up filters and top-down expectations. The model also clarifies how spatial location cues can help to disambiguate two sources with similar spectral cures. Data are simulated from psychophysical grouping experiments, such as how a tone sweeping upwards in frequency creates a bounce percept by grouping with a downward sweeping tone due to proximity in frequency, even if noise replaces the tones at their interection point. Illusory auditory percepts are also simulated, such as the auditory continuity illusion of a tone continuing through a noise burst even if the tone is not present during the noise, and the scale illusion of Deutsch whereby downward and upward scales presented alternately to the two ears are regrouped based on frequency proximity, leading to a bounce percept. Since related sorts of resonances have been used to quantitatively simulate psychophysical data about speech perception, the model strengthens the hypothesis the ART-like mechanisms are used at multiple levels of the auditory system. Proposals for developing the model to explain more complex streaming data are also provided.Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-01-1-0397, F49620-92-J-0225); Office of Naval Research (N00014-01-1-0624); Advanced Research Projects Agency (N00014-92-J-4015); British Petroleum (89A-1204); National Science Foundation (IRI-90-00530); American Society of Engineering Educatio