An investigation into the use of linguistic context in cursive script recognition by computer

The automatic recognition of hand-written text has been a goal for over thirty five years. The highly ambiguous nature of cursive writing (with high variability between not only different writers, but even between different samples from the same writer), means that systems based only on visual information are prone to errors. It is suggested that the application of linguistic knowledge to the recognition task may improve recognition accuracy. If a low-level (pattern recognition based) recogniser produces a candidate lattice (i.e. a directed graph giving a number of alternatives at each word position in a sentence), then linguistic knowledge can be used to find the 'best' path through the lattice. There are many forms of linguistic knowledge that may be used to this end. This thesis looks specifically at the use of collocation as a source of linguistic knowledge. Collocation describes the statistical tendency of certain words to co-occur in a language, within a defined range. It is suggested that this tendency may be exploited to aid automatic text recognition. The construction and use of a post-processing system incorporating collocational knowledge is described, as are a number of experiments designed to test the effectiveness of collocation as an aid to text recognition. The results of these experiments suggest that collocational statistics may be a useful form of knowledge for this application and that further research may produce a system of real practical use

A marketing plan for smart bengali idiomatic proverb serv

Trabalho de projecto apresentado como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão de Informação, especialização em Inteligência de MarketingBengali is one of the most verbal communications, graded seventh in the globe bearing in mind the situation of the country. This paper offers an online model for smart Bengali Idiomatic proverb service as well as intelligence marketing plan for revenue. In present circumstances Google translator service is not respectable, specially proverb translator because Google is not tranquil interpreted Bengali proverb precisely and nobody has planned to provide Bengali Idiomatic proverb service that will bring revenue. Now a day’s information is actual significant for real decisions making. The information can be gained from several bases and can able to use different kinds of tools for effective decision making. Marketing Intelligence is a new topic in marketing, there are not several possessions in works. The marketing plans by using information system sustained from marketing intelligence. Kotler's definition says, Intelligence Scheme of marketing is more than a scheme of information gathering or a set of information technologies. Software marketing make vital tactical decisions to exploit profits and success of the business (Öztürk, S., Okumuş, A., & Mutlu, F. 2012). As a result, the proposed project aims to improve online Bengali Idiomatic Proverb Service Model for service of excellence as well as create a business model canvas with marketing plan to observe current market situation of proposed service model that will forecast sales of profit. Therefore, the proposed research has used technological model to get good decision for marketing plan. Good decision assists to increase high number of productivity and profitability because computerized systems which assist the marketing decision to improve marketing plan (Dragomir, C., & Surugiu, F. 2015). In this case, the proposed project has chosen four different types of steps. There are Bengali Idiomatic Proverb Service Model, Online payment model, Business Model Canvas with Marketing plan. The propose project has used visual studio.net, HTML, CSS, nine building blocks for Business model canvas and kotler’s and keller’s marketing plan to develop a model for Bengali Idiomatic proverb service

A Handwriting recognition system for spanish

Recientemente, los avances en computación, en miniaturización de componentes electrónicos, así como la creciente accesibilidad a dispositivos móviles, ha llevado a un aumento exponencial en el número de usuarios de computadores. Este cambio ha facilitado el acceso a una mayor parte de la población a tecnologías que hacen más cómodo el día a día. Desde mejorar la comunicación entre individuos hasta realizar recomendaciones sobre el consumo alimentario propio, los dispositivos móviles están permitiendo cada vez más una vida más sencilla, aunque aún hay margen de mejora. Uno de los hábitos que no han sido totalmente sustituidos por la tecnología es escribir a mano. Aunque sí existen sistemas refinados de Reconocimiento Óptico de Caracteres, su principal uso es sobre textos impresos, ya que los métodos clásicos no son tan robustos para reconocer el constante cambio de estilo de la escritura a mano. Gracias a los últimos avances en inteligencia artificial, principalmente en los sistemas de redes neuronales, existen tecnologías actuales que proporcionan una precisión mucho mayor en el Reconocimiento de Texto Escrito a Mano. Aun así, estos avances no han sido extensamente usados en aplicaciones actuales, como las creadas para toma de notas o escritura de documentos extensos; en estos casos, la facilidad y portabilidad de los documentos son factores decisivos. En el trabajo presente, se propone un sistema de reconocimiento de texto escrito a mano que tenga en cuenta el estilo y formato del documento

Effects of modality, administration and stimulus on picture descriptions in adults

BACKGROUND: Picture descriptions are a commonly used tool in the diagnostic process of aphasias, including vascular as well as neurodegenerative disorders affecting language production. However, this widespread clinical use contrasts with the relative scarcity of empirical data exploring the role of different variables which can influence the results, particularly in cases in which the original procedure has been modified. This thesis addresses three areas in which such modifications need a much stronger empirical basis. Firstly, (1) the traditional default approach has been an oral picture description. However, a substantial group of patients, particularly those with neurodegenerative disorders affecting motor functions, cannot produce oral language. In such cases, an assessment of written language could offer a valuable alternative. Such a procedure would require, however, a systematic comparison between linguistic material collected in the spoken and written description. Another little-explored field is (2) the difference between traditional in-person versus remote testing. While remote testing has been possible for several decades, in the recent pandemic it became often the only available option. Research has been conducted on remote testing, but only for video-call testing settings. Automated online testing has not yet been assessed. Finally, in (3) the increasingly globalised world diagnostic material is used in different countries with diverse cultures and routines. Linguistic stimuli are translated (although not always adapted) but this is rarely the case for picture material. Therefore, the picture stimulus itself might be victim to misinterpretation if the patient is not culturally familiar with the depicted scene. However, the influence of the cultural familiarity of the picture material has not been addressed in research yet. AIM: The present thesis addressed the current gaps in research focussing on these three aspects: (1) the influence of production modality (spoken vs. written [handwritten vs. typed], (2) testing modality (in-person vs. video-call vs. automated online) and (3) picture stimulus (North American [traditional] vs. Indian) on the picture description task using a mix of literature reviews and empirical data. METHOD: A total of 100 healthy participants were tested (1) in two different production modalities, (2) in three different testing modalities and (3) with two different picture stimuli. The picture description was complemented by seven additional tests assessing naming, grammar, possible underlying dyslexia, concept formation, visual-spatial abilities and intelligence. The collected data were interpreted using an extended list of linguistic symptoms, statistical comparisons and linear models. RESULTS: (1) Spoken picture descriptions were significantly longer, containing more words and sentences, whereas written descriptions were more concise, syntactically complex and lexically diverse. Unlike aphasic patients, healthy participants very rarely produced phonetic, syntactic or semantic errors. Isolated language functions and other cognitive abilities did not have a major influence on the picture description task. (2) The testing modality influenced the linguistic performance of the participants. Differences were more pronounced in the written task and could be traced back to differences between handwriting and typing. (3) The non- familiar scene produced a higher lexical diversity, but also a less complex syntax. DISCUSSION: For clinical purposes but also research, (1) written picture descriptions should be considered for diagnosis as it is a more cost-effective method that can lead to conclusions of comparable relevance. Performance on tests of isolated linguistic domains and cognitive abilities do not have a significant influence on picture description tasks in healthy individuals. Therefore, picture descriptions cannot be used as a substitute for the assessment of isolated linguistic functions and cognitive abilities, or vice versa. (2) Equally, picture descriptions cannot be easily replaced by other tests, as they contain other types of information of considerable relevance. Remote testing is a useful tool that can be used in the diagnostic process, however, there are caveats that need to be considered before testing and interpretation. (3) A culturally non-familiar picture stimulus can lead to misinterpretation of the presented scene which might lead to false diagnoses. Therefore, the cultural origin of the stimulus needs to be taken into account when interpreting the results. CONCLUSION: Overall, all three examined modifications can be clinically feasible and useful. However, they cannot and should not be understood as identical to traditional methods, as they might have different limitations, but also offer different opportunities