Breaking a novel colour image encryption algorithm based on chaos

Recently, a colour image encryption algorithm based on chaos was proposed by cascading two position permutation operations and one substitution operation, which are all determined by some pseudo-random number sequences generated by iterating the Logistic map. This paper evaluates the security level of the encryption algorithm and finds that the position permutation-only part and the substitution part can be separately broken with only $\lceil (\log_2(3MN))/8 \rceil$ and 2 chosen plain-images, respectively, where $MN$ is the size of the plain-image. Concise theoretical analyses are provided to support the chosen-plaintext attack, which are verified by experimental results also.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: Evidence from Chinese Cities

In this paper we investigate the relationship between economic growth and industrial pollution emissions in China using data for 112 major cities between 2001 and 2004. Using disaggregated data we separate FDI inflows from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan from those of other foreign economies. We examine four industrial water pollution indicators (wastewater, chemical oxygen demand, hexavalent chromium compounds, and petroleum-like matter) and four industrial air pollution indicators (waste gas, sulphur dioxide, soot and dust). Our results suggest that most air and water emissions rise with increases in economic growth at current income levels. The share of total output produced by firms from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan has a positive effect on emissions although this effect is only significant for three industrial water pollution emissions. The share of total output produced by firms from other foreign economies can be beneficial, detrimental or neutral, depending on the pollutants considered. --FDI,economic growth,pollution,cities

Linguistic Variation in Contact: the Use of erhua and rusheng in the Xianggang Community in China

This study considers dialect variation by young and middle-aged speakers in the Xianggang community in China. The Xianggang community is located at the southern part of China, but it used to be composed of northern people. The contact between northern and southern dialects has given birth to a dialect mixed situation. With the attempt to know the driving force of language change within this speech community, both social factors and linguistic factors have been taken into consideration. In this study, Erhua is chosen as the representation of northern dialects and rusheng is chosen on behalf of the southern dialects. Linguistically, erhua has two environments: post-vocalic and post-nasal. Against the background of Chinese education, social factors such as age, gender, and period of residence as well as the division of northern and southern characteristics have been studied. This study suggests that there is dialect variation within the speech community, while more evidence is needed to support the assumption of dialect acquisition. Age and the division between northern and southern characteristics play significant roles on the use of rusheng and erhua within the speech community. Period of residence has effect on the use of erhua but not on rusheng. Influenced by Putonghua education, young speakers have less variation in their use of these two linguistic variables than middle-aged speakers do. Within the social context of a steel company, the use of rusheng is lexically conditioned because both northern and southern-characterized speakers choose to apply this tone to similar characters. Post-vocalic erhua is a significant linguistic environment for the use of erhua of the northerners. This is changing tendency towards the use of Putonghua within the speech community

Adaptation of ecological modernisation in China : a case study of eco-transformation of industrial areas in Changsha-Zhuzhou- Xiangtan urban agglomeration

Since around 2010, Chinese central and local authorities have made increasingly vigorous efforts in curbing industrial pollution. One approach has been the eco-transformation policies for industrial areas. This thesis defines the eco-transformation of industrial areas as the transformation lead by state-led policies/strategies by multi-scale (central/local government) and multi-department (Environment Protection Bureau/ Development and Reform Commission/ Urban and Rural Planning Bureau/ Science and Technology Bureau, etc.) for greening development in industrial areas. Policies and practices for the eco-transformation of industrial areas in China have a resemblance to the Ecological Modernisation approach that has been applied in the European context. Ecological Modernisation can be summarised as a strategy of systematic (technical) innovation and expansion of economic growth that also has the potential for environmental improvement (Jänicke, 2008).This thesis contributes to debate as to the nature of Ecological Modernisation in the Chinese context and the extent to which the concept has evolved alongside the geographic transfer from the European origins of the concept. As Ecological Modernisation is a theory but also a practical strategy for policy discourse, the shifting in governance perspective impacted by eco- transformation policies of industrial areas through rescaling framework of environmental governance was analysed. Also, since the spatial perspective that both Western countries and China concerned during EM practise, this thesis also explored the spatial impacts on industrial areas through eco-transformation.Data was collected both by second and first hand source (incl. semi-structured interviews, field visits and observations as well as participant observation). Semi-structured interviews of 19 peoples from seven different organisations (i.e. governmental sectors, state-owned industrial companies, private industrial companies, private pollution treatment companies, state-owned finance companies and developer companies (PCs), spatial planning agencies, and environmental NGOs.) in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration were undertaken. Extensive policy analysis and use of official statistics were undertaken.As the results, in terms of the rescaling process of environmental governance, this thesis finds that the environmental governance of industrial areas in China has changed from centralised to decentralised as in most other capitalist countries when they are applying Ecological Modernisation. However, environmental decentralisation in China did not achieve expected performance shifts like in western countries, therefore, a round of rescaling-up and ‘soft- recentralisation’ was generated after around 2015. The same situation also happens in the cooperative governance between governments with private sectors and with environmental NGOs. China is undertaking a different way to western countries for Ecological Modernisation given Chinese political-economic regime and development pathway. Regarding spatial perspective, industrial areas proceeded both geographical movement and spatial restructuring during the eco-transformation process. A new understanding about the relationship between Ecological Modernisation with space was presented. This thesis not only gives Ecological Modernisation Theory broader application confines and diversified scales but also provides references for the policy-makers

Current Situation and Measures of Environment Affected by Mine Water in Hunan Limin Coal Mine

The pump drainage of mine water in Hunan Limin Coal Mine has caused various problems including huge depression cone and collapse of goaf roof, resulting in serious leakage of surface water. Therefore, a great need of measures should be conducted. In this paper, the mine water properties and the hydrogeological characteristics were studied. The results indicate that the PH value of main shaft water of Limin Well is 2.21-3.81 (average: 2.90), Fe2+ is 178-1,308 mg/L, Mn2+ is 3.93-8.65 mg/L; the PH value of auxiliary shaft water is 3.45-4.08, Fe2+ is 876-1,264 mg/L, Mn2+ is 6.27-8.71 mg/L; the PH value of Shuikoushan old pithead water is 2.33-3.91, Fe2+ is 1,059-2,207 mg/L and Mn2+ is 23.00-34.00 mg/L, which indicates that the mine water in the area is strongly acidic, and Fe2+ and Mn2+ exceed the standard seriously. Based on the characteristics of mining tunnel in the area, the wellhead of artesian water in Limin Well should be closed with shaft without pressure so as to ensure that the mine water can be discharged out in a concentrated and orderly way. The sewage treatment facilities at the main shaft of Limin Well need to be expanded, and new sewage treatment facilities should be built at Shuikoushan old pithead. Through hydrologic survey and water balance analysis, Zhoutou Reservoir can be used as a water source to construct drinking water project, which can completely solve the problem of drinking water safety in the area. The study would solve the bad situation of Limin Coal mine by providing the corresponding measures, which could provide the references for the similar mines when facing these problems

Research and Development of Carbon Footprint Analysis In Hunan Province

AbstractBased on the definition of carbon footprint and elements that affect it, a model was constructed for empirical research, using data of cities in Hunan Province from 2005 to 2009, to calculate the amount of carbon footprint and to analyze the relationships between carbon footprint and each of the elements, including population, level of economic development, industrial structure and energy structure. In addition, this paper also puts forward solutions to further low-carbon development of Hunan Province in the areas of low-carbon development mechanism energy structure low carbon life style and talent development