Do enclaves matter in immigrants’ self-employment decision?

This paper uses 2000 U.S. Census data to study the determinants of self-employment decisions among immigrants. It outlines a theoretical framework for analyzing the role of ethnic enclaves in the self-employment decision of immigrants that captures nuances involved in the interaction between ethnic enclaves and different ethnic groups. It assesses the effect of ethnic enclaves for different groups and explores explanations for differences. The results show that higher ethnic concentration in metropolitan areas is positively related to the probability of self-employment of immigrants. However, the significance of ethnic concentration for self-employment differs by the country or region of origin of immigrants. The relationship between location and self-employment probability of immigrants is reinforced by other metropolitan area-specific characteristics that include labor market factors, such as the unemployment rate, the self-employment rate, the monetary returns to self-employment relative to wage employment, and the success of self-employed co-ethnic members.Immigrants ; Self-employed

U.S. banking deregulation and self-employment: a differential impact on those in need

Starting in 1978, the U.S. banking sector was gradually deregulated in terms of restrictions on geographical expansion. This paper examines the impact of intrastate branching deregulation on (state-specific) self-employment income growth rate. If postreform changes in the banking structure led to improved lending to previously underserved (potential) businessmen, their self-employment income would accelerate, as banks are the prime source of finance for self-employment. Based on a simple model adopted from Evans and Jovanovic (1989), it is hypothesized that banking deregulation would particularly impact self-employment of discriminated against social groups. Consistent with the hypothesis, cross-state evidence suggests that the growth rate of self-employment income increased after reform, with the effect being more pronounced for women and non-white minorities at the low end of income distribution. Based on the obtained results, this paper suggests that more competitive banking environment after branching reform has mitigated prejudicial discrimination in lending. The analysis casts light on real effects of banking deregulation, on the effect of onsolidation in the banking sector on individuals targeted by the Equal Credit Opportunity (ECOA) and the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), and on a function of competition in reducing discrimination.Bank supervision ; Banks and banking

Organizational and Individual Determinants of Atypical Employment: The Case of Multiple Jobholding and Self-Employment

Traditionally, the company has been attributed relative control over employees' career paths, particularly in the case of very active organizational management. However, the growing need for organizational flexibility has led to the increasing recourse to atypical work, which in turn contributes to consolidating new careers in which the themes of control and autonomy acquire new meaning. Of these forms of atypical work, multiple jobholding and self-employment have particularly intrigued researchers. Using data compiled by Statistics Canada, we have sought to identify, through logistic regression analyses, the factors that influence the probability of belonging to these two categories of atypical employment. Our results suggest that the influence factors are not identical for the non-standard two job categories studied. Sector of activity, sex and the absence of promotion have a considerable impact on the probability of joining the ranks of the self-employed, whereas professional category and frequency of movement significantly influence the probability of belonging to the multiple jobholder group. Our results also show that the makeup of the populations engaging in these two forms of atypical work is not homogeneous, and that belonging to one of these groups does not necessarily entail precarious living and working conditions. Le rôle traditionnel de la gestion de carrière attribuait à l'entreprise un certain contrôle sur le cheminement des individus, dans la mesure où la prise en charge organisationnelle était très active. Toutefois, le besoin incessant de flexibilité organisationnelle, qui mène à l'utilisation croissante du travail atypique, contribue à la consolidation des nouvelles carrières dans lesquelles les thèmes du contrôle et de l'autonomie sont questionnés. Parmi ces formes de travail atypique, le cumul d'emplois et le travail autonome/à son compte ont particulièrement retenu l'attention des chercheurs. En utilisant des données produites par Statistique Canada, nous avons cherché à identifier, par l'entremise des analyses de régression logistique, les facteurs qui influencent la probabilité de faire partie de ces deux catégories d'emploi atypique. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs d'influence ne sont pas les mêmes pour les deux catégories d'emploi non standard considérées. Le secteur d'activité, le sexe et les promotions jouent davantage sur la probabilité de joindre les effectifs des autonomes/à son compte alors que la catégorie professionnelle, la fréquence du mouvement et l'absence de promotion influencent davantage la probabilité d'appartenir au groupe des cumulards. Finalement, nos résultats montrent que les effectifs de ces deux types de travail atypique ne sont pas homogènes et que l'appartenance à l'un ou l'autre de ces groupes n'implique pas exclusivement la précarité des conditions de vie et de travail.Multiple jobholding, self-employment, new career, Travail atypique, cumul d'emplois, travail autonome/à son compte, flexibilité organisationnelle

Labour market entry and earnings: Evidence from Tanzanian retrospective data

We exploit a unique dataset of retrospective information from urban Tanzania to estimate the effect of early labour market experiences on adult labour market outcomes. We consider four labour market entry states - wage employment, selfemployment, employment in the family business, and unemployment - and estimate how final earnings are associated with that entry state. The findings suggest that how individuals enter the labour market does matter for final outcome. We find that for those able to access wage employment, an initial period of unemployment while searching for a wage job may be preferred to an initial period in self-employment or the family business. However, for the two thirds who searched for an average of 5 years and still did not find a wage job, the gamble does not pay off

Allocation of Labour in Urban West Africa: Implication for Development Policies

With the use of comparable data from seven West African capitals, we attempt to assess the rationale behind development policies targeting high rates of school enrolment through the prism of allocation of labour and returns to skills across the formal and informal sectors. We find that people with high levels of education allocate to the small formal sector and receive high compensation for their education and experience. Less educated workers allocate to the informal sector. While self-employment reveals some characteristics of a sector of dynamic entrepreneurship, the characteristics of the informal salaried sector are closer to those of a sector of hidden unemployment, or a stepping stone for better jobs in the future.returns to skills, allocation of labour, self-selection, informal sector, Sub-Saharan West Africa

Semi-subsistence farm households and the non-farm rural economy - Perspectives and challenges

Semi-subsistence farm households (SFHs) have persevered in Central and Southeastern Europe. An outlook on future perspectives of SFHs asks for reliable information on the phenomenon of SFHs and the impact of policy measures on their development options: (1) intensifying farming, (2) diversifying income creating activities, or (3) exiting farming for waged employment. This article focuses on SFHs and rural non-farm employment (RNFE). On the basis of a comparative 2007-survey of 489 SFHs in Bulgaria, Poland and Romania, three countries with particularly many SFHs, four major types of SFHs (rural pensioners, farmers, rural diversifiers, rural newcomers) were identified. For policy analysis, a multiobjective linear programming household model was developed. In the model, labour can be devoted to (1) farming, (2) self-employment and (3) waged employment. The policy scenarios reflect different development options for SFHs: (1) farm development, (2) start selfemployment, (3) farm development and start self-employment, and (4) stop agriculture. Policy can foster the structural change but the modeling results show that fine targeting to the various types of semi-subsistence farms and country specificities is a strong precondition for success.Semi-subsistence, rural non-farm economy, policy analysis, transition countries, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Land Economics/Use, Political Economy, C61, P27, Q12,

Migrant entrepreneurs in Germany: Which role do they play?

In recent years, self-employment among migrant groups has increased significantly in Germany. Against this background, this article aims at presenting an overview of recent entrepreneurial developments. By drawing on a wide range of secondary literature and statistical data, the present survey places the topic into a broad historical and socio-economic context. Furthermore it raises policy-oriented questions and discusses new directions for research. --migrant entrepreneurs,labour market integration,legal provisions,entrepreneurial developments

Training and Employment of People with Disabilities: Australia 2003

[Excerpt] Training and Employment of People with Disabilities: Australia 2003 is descriptive in nature. When the ILO commissioned the researchers for the Country Study Series, each was asked to follow the comprehensive research protocol appended to this document. The resulting report therefore includes country background information, statistics about people with disabilities and their organizations, a description of relevant legislation and policies and their official implementing structures, as well as the education, training and employment options available to people with disabilities. While few countries have all such information readily available, researchers were asked to note the existence or lack of specific data points and to report data when it did exist. Since the lack of information about people with disabilities contributes to their invisibility and social exclusion, the information itself is important. The protocol called for limited analysis and did not specifically ask for the researchers recommendations, however, researchers were asked to report on existing plans and recommendations of significant national stakeholders

Training and Employment of People with Disabilities: India 2002

[Excerpt] Training and Employment of People with Disabilities: India 2002 is descriptive in nature. When the ILO commissioned the researchers for the Country Study Series, each was asked to follow the comprehensive research protocol appended to this document. The resulting report therefore includes country background information, statistics about people with disabilities and their organizations, a description of relevant legislation and policies and their official implementing structures, as well as the education, training and employment options available to people with disabilities. While few countries have such information readily available, researchers were asked to note the existence or lack of specific data points and to report data when it did exist. Since the lack of information about people with disabilities contributes to their invisibility and social exclusion, the information itself is important. The protocol called for limited analysis and did not specifically ask for the researchers recommendations, however, researchers were asked to report on existing plans and recommendations of significant national stakeholders

Entrepreneurial university ecosystems and graduates' career patterns: do entrepreneurship education programmes and university business incubators matter?

Purpose This paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs). Design/methodology/approach By adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico. Findings Our results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively. Practical implications Diverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities. Originality/value Entrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilouga et al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabi et al., 2017; Good et al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herrera et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2017)