Antibacterial Activity of Fractionated Sandalwood Oils

Sandalwood oil was prepared through water distillation of sandalwood (Sansalum album L) sawdust. The inhibitory activity of the oil was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. This antibacterial active oil was further fractionated through column chromatography into five fractions. Larger antibacterial activity, expressed as inhibitory diameter ( ID ), was observed in the prepared sandalwood oil and its fractions compared to sandalwood oil originated from Kupang and sanialol from International Flavors and Fragrance ( IFF ). The inhibitory diameter of the isolated sandalwood oil against S. aureus and B. cereus were 8.75 and 8.20 mm respectively. While the IV of sandalwood oil from Kupang and santalol IFF against S aureus were 7.20 and 7.23 mm, and against B. cereus 6.62 and 7.35 mm respectively. The ID of the sandalwood oil fractions against S aureus ranged between 7.32 - 9.93 mm, and the largest inhibition was shown by fraction -2. Against Bicereus the IV ranged between 7.64 - 11.12 mm., and the largest inhibition was shown by fraction - 1. Suggested possible structures for sandalwood oil fractions were based on the infra red spectra of the oils and sandalwood oil components

Sinopsis*kajian Terhadap Peran Tanaman Cendana {Santalum Album L.) Sebagai Komoditiutama Perekonomian Daerah Otonomi Nusa Tenggara Timur

Topik inti diekstrak dari setiap makalah yang membahas tentang cendana ini. Kemudian dirangkaikan satu sama lain untuk memberikan gambaran yang komprehensif tentang persoalan dalam Cendana NTT itu sendiri

Variasi Kandungan Kimia Minyak Cendana (Santalum Album Linn) dari Berbagai Provenans di Indonesia

Kualitas minyak cendana (Santalum album Linn) ditentukan oleh adanya 2 kandungan komponen Sesquiterpene, yakni α-santalol dan β-santalol. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui variasi kandungan kimia cendana dari berbagai provenans. Sebanyak 54 sampel dari 8 provenans dan satu ras lahan diambil dari tanaman cendana umur 13 tahun di Hutan Penelitian Watusipat, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Serbuk kayu cendana didapatkan dengan cara mengebor batang cendana setinggi 10 cm di atas permukaan tanah. Serbuk diekstrasi dengan larutan n-hexane untuk mendapatkan larutan minyak. Kandungan kimia larutan cendana dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya variasi kandungan kimia baik antar provenans maupun individu dalam provenans yang ditemukan pada 11 sampel dari 6 provenans. Senyawa golongan Sesquiterpene, Monoterpene dan komponen kimia lainnya ditemukan dalam jumlah yang bervariasi. Komponen utama dari hasil pengujian adalah α-santalol (32,38%-78,29%) dan β-santalol (5,45%-37,83%) diikuti oleh epi-β-santalol (5,97%-17,16%), P-Menth-2-En-9-OL-Trans (2,87%-8,53%) dan α-sinensal (3,83%-9,39%)

Fitokimia Dan Farmakologi Cendana (Santalum Album L.)

Dalam peradaban timur, cendana telah digunakan secara tradisional semenjak 4000 tahun yang Ialu. Minyak atsiri yang diperoleh dari kayu cendana digunakan dalam upacara keagamaan dan sebagai obat-obatan. Dalam kebudayaan barat, cendana hanya digunakan sebagai bahan parfum kelas utama. Bam setelah tahun 1920-an, sejalan dengan perkembangan aromaterapi, bangsa barat mulai memanfaatkan cendana sebagai bahan obat-obatan. Minyak atsiri adalah substansi kimia yang membuat cendana menjadi berharga, baik secara ekonomi, bahan obat dan bahan parfum. Setiap bagian tumbuhan cendana memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri yang bervariasi. Bagian akar memiliki kandungan minyak tertinggi, yaitu 10 %, kemudian diikuti oleh bagian teras batang (4-8 %) dan ranting (2-4 %). Delapan puluh sampai 90% dari minyak cendana terdiri dari senyawa santalol dengan isomer a-santalol dan p-santalol sebagai komponen utama. Dalam perdagangan intemasional, minyak cendana kelas satu haruslah mengandung santalol minimal 90% dari kandungan total minyaknya. Dalam aromaterapi minyak cendana dikenal sebagai salah satu bahan alami yang berkhasiat sebagai sedatif, relaksasi dan mengatasi kasus insomnia serta serangan asma. Laporan terakhir juga menyebutkan bahwa minyak cendana bersifat menghalangi efek karsinogenik dari zat kimia. Alpha-santalol sebagai komponen utama minyak cendana dapat mengurangi kasus papiloma (tumor kulit) sebesar 32 %

Pemasaran Produk Minyak Cendana (Santalum Album L.): Realita, Tantangan Dan Harapan

Salah satu komponen utama masalah tanaman cendana (Santalum album L.) sebagai komoditi perdagangan adalah pemasaran terhadap produk yang diperoleh terutama ekstrak minyaknya. PT Tropical Oil, Kupang, Timor, NTT merupakan suatu Perusahaan industri minyak cendana yang selama ini melakukan ekstraksi minyak tanaman cendana menggunakan bahan mentah dari NTT. Makalah ini membahas pandangan pengusaha mengenai jangkauan pasar yang telah dicapai, kecenderungan pasar terhadap produk minyak cendana baik segi kuantitas maupun kualitas, terutama kandungan santalol sebagai komponen mutlak dalam minyak cendana.Berbagai harapan disampaikan,disertai kendala-kendala ketersediaan bahan baku dan pasar(terutama Internasional) yang dihadapi seorang pengusaha mulai dari produksi hingga pemasaran dan sumbangsaran demi keberlangsungan produksi dan pemasaran minyak cendana yang telah memiliki segmen pasar tersendiri yang cukup luas

Structure elucidation of some insect pheromones : a contribution to the development of selective pest control agents

The use of pheromones is one of the methods currently being investigated intensively as an alternative method of insect control. The various ways in which pheromones might be used in insect control programmes are briefly discussed in Chapter 1.Chapter 2 gives a detailed description of the isolation and identification of the sex pheromone of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The various techniques that have been used for the structure elucidation are described.The sex pheromone of P. americana contains two major components (periplanone-A and periplanone-B), as well as minute amounts of another four.Periplanone-B could be identified as (1 Z, 5 E)-1,10(14)-diepoxy- 4(15), 5-germacradiene-9-one. Periplanone-A proved to be very unstable, isomerizing to a biologically inactive compound. The instability of the compound rendered a complete structure elucidation impossible.The four minor compounds could not be collected in sufficient amounts to carry out a complete structure elucidation.Of the compounds reported to mimic the natural pheromone, only germacrene-D was found to do so. However, its threshold is very much higher than that of the natural pheromone. The same holds for the other reported mimics, even they do elicit electroantennogram responses. Regardless of concentration, none of the mimics elicit responses as marked as the natural pheromone.Apart from causing sexual excitation, periplanone-B also can attract males of P. americana.The isolation, identification and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of the leafroller moth, Archips podana, is described in Chapter 3. The pheromone consists of a mixture of equal amounts of cis -11-tetradecenyl acetate and trans -11-tetradecenyl acetate. Although the individual compounds are not attractive in field experiments, a 1:1 mixture of the two is capable of attracting many males of this species.Investigation of the sex pheromone of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Chapters 4 and 5) revealed that the pheromone is a mixture of equal amounts of cis -8-dodecenyl acetate and trans -8-dodecenyl acetate. This finding contradicts other reports which state that the pheromone of this insect is trans -7-dodecenyl acetate. Mixtures of cis -8- and trans -8-dodecenyl acetate in various ratios proved to be very attractive to males of this species.In Chapter 6 the isolation, identification and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm moth, Phthorimaea operculella, is described. The sex pheromone of this moth is a mixture of about equal amounts of trans -4, cis -7-tridecadienyl acetate and trans -4, cis -7, cis -10-tridecatrienyl acetate. These findings were confirmed by synthesis and by trapping experiments in the field

Konservasi Ex Situ Cendana (Santalum Album L.): Aplikasi Dan Tantangannya

Managing genetic resources of cendana/sandalwood (Santalum album L)requires an understanding of the biological dynamics of its population in which they exist. There are two strategies of conservation i.e. maintaining existing protected areas (in situ) and ex situ collections of various types.Ex situ methods include gene banks: clonal bank and breeding population. The two methods (in situ and ex situ) are complementary. Preservation of genetic resources in gene bank is essential for users of germplasm who need ready access.Ex situ conservation plantations are expensive to establish and maintain, and their use will thus be generally confined to species/ provenances of proven socio-economic value. This paper discussing collection of genetic resources of several population and establishment/ management of ex-situ conservation plantations