Valstybės kontrolės atliktų veiklos auditų analizė

Performance audit is identified as one of the relatively newly developed type of audit, in which the reactivation of research was observed only in the twentieth century. The need to analyse and develop a new type of audit is associated with the changes occurred and on-going in business and public administration, and also with other factors such as social, political, economic, technological changes and other. Evaluation and improvement of entities becomes more and more important and substantial in accordance with the development of a new approach in public sector, public administration and asset management. The definition and implementation of the new public management paradigm has influenced this process as well. In light of new circumstances the importance of evaluation performance audit is growing rapidly. This paper briefly summarizes and evaluates the theoretical basis of the performance audit, the reasons for the performance audit examination, importance of improvement and adaptation of analysis. Particular attention was given to performance audit analysis which was done by the National Audit Office of Lithuania. The purpose of the paper is to examine performance reports published by the National Audit Office of Lithuania and statistic data for 2010-2012. Survey was conducted in accordance with the composition of performance audits operational process of auditing and the performance audits timeframe trend. The study revealed that in 2010 year was performed 41 percent of all conducted performance audits in 2010-2012 year, while in 2011 and 2012 – 29,5 percent. It was also found that over 54 percent of performance audits were conducted with pre-and main studies. Mainly performance audit conducted with pre-and main studies were in 2012 year and reached 68,2 percent from all conducted performance audits that year. The lowest rate was in 2010 year and it reached 46,7 percent from all conducted performance audits. Analysis of the performance audits conducted with pre-and main stages according to duration of each stage showed that time off each stage fulfilment has grown during the period of 2010-2012. Analysis of pre-stage period showed that it has increased by 8,3 percent from 2010 to 2012, without consideration of the reporting time. The reporting time after a preliminary investigation grew by 14,3 percent, main study fulfilment period increased by 26,8 percent, and reporting time after the main study – 2,6 percent.Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiami ir analizuojami veiklos audito teoriniai pagrindai, o taip pat veiksniai, dėl kurių veiklos audito nagrinėjimas, tobulinimas ir pritaikymas analizuojant, vertinant ir gerinant subjektų veiklą tampa vis aktualesnis ir svaresnis. Ypatingas dėmesys skirtas Lietuvos Respublikos Valstybės kontrolės atliktų veiklos auditų analizei, atsižvelgiant į veiklos auditų atlikimo procesų sudėtį, veiklos auditų atlikimo trukmės pokyčių tendencijas. Analizei atlikti išnagrinėtos Lietuvos Respublikos Valstybės kontrolės skelbiamos veiklos ataskaitos ir statistiniai duomenys

Aplinkosaugos informacijos atskleidimo kokybės vertinimo modelis

In last decades, environmental issues: pollution, climate change, sing of non-renewable resources, has influenced the economic value of nature and the protection of the environment has become an important goal for institutions and corporations. Increasing concern to environmental problems causes increasing demand for environmental disclosure of environmental related information. Responding to the increasing demand for such type of information, interest of environmental accounting and reporting is growing too. It is especially needed for the disclosed information to be useful and in high quality. Purpose of this work –prepare and adjust quality assessment model of environmental information disclosure. Case study indicates that this model is suitable for Baltic countries companies. Companies mostly disclose information about environmental costs, waste, pollution, programs, projects or activities in social life and regulations they follow. Lithuanian companies are most improved in this area, because 93,75% of companies discloses that information in financial reports, separate reports or internet pages.Pagrindinis bet kokios informacijos tikslas – pateisinti tos informacijos vartotojų lūkesčius, t.y. informacija turi būti naudinga. Augant aplinkosaugos ataskaitų reikšmei, ieškoma, kokiu būdu įmonė turėtų informuoti suinteresuotuosius apie savo aplinkosaugos veiklą. Problema kyla, kad šiai apskaitai trūksta reglamentavimo, nėra sukurtos atskiros sistemos aplinkosaugos apskaitos tvarkymui bei atskleistos aplinkosaugos informacijos vertinimui, todėl, išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą bei remiantis įvairiomis rekomendacijomis bei standartais pateikiamas ir patikrinamas aplinkosaugos informacijos atskleidimo kokybės vertinimo modelis

Prof. Vlado Jurgučio įžvalgos apie bankus ir jų plėtotė lietuvių auditorių darbuose

The article analyses prof. V. Jurgutis‘ thoughts, attitudes, ideas and suggestions towards the importance of banks, their management, competition among them, etc. The article presents the development of V. Jurgutis’ insights into bank performance in works of Lithuanian authors. The study reveals that V. Jurgutis’ insights into banks’ performance is inestimable for Lithuanian banking science and practice professionals. Especially valuable are his thoughts and ideas towards the organization and rationalization of banks, their employee structure and relations, the competition and the expansion of banks. Statements formulated in prof. V. Jurgutis work "Banks" have encouraging influences on the growth of the effectiveness of bank performance, and are relevant to both the regulation of bank performance in Lithuania and the transition to Euro. Therefore, with the consideration of today's realities, it is necessary to further analyse V. Jurgutis‘ scientific heritage and implement his ideas into practice.Be bankų negali egzistuoti nė viena valstybė. Iš jų veiklos galima spręsti apie šalies ekonomikos būklę. Bankų veiklos įvairius aspektus nagrinėjo daugelis pasaulio ir Lietuvos mokslininkų. Tarp jų ypač svarbią vietą užima Lietuvos bankų sistemos kūrėjas prof. Vladas Jurgutis (1885-1966), parašęs originalų veikalą „Bankai“ (1940). Straipsnyje nagrinėjama prof. V. Jurgučio mintys, nuostatos, idėjos ir patarimai apie bankų reikšmę, jų valdymą, darbuotojų sudėtį ir darbo organizavimą, apie bankų tarpusavio santykius bei konkurencinę kovą ir kt. Straipsnyje pateikiama V. Jurgučio įžvalgų apie bankų veiklą plėtotė lietuvių autorių darbuose

Įmonių nuosavo kapitalo ir jo apskaitos ypatumai

From the fundamental accounting equation becomes the evidence that equity is one of the most significant indicator of enterprise state. So the process of enterprise equity formation that should be not only legally based but also economically reasoned is definitely relevant aspect in accounting. Both the reform of public sector and complex and hard to prognosticate conditions in private sector also laws of free market that promote to respond operative to external factors require complex and comprehensive equity accounting researches. The aim of this article – compare peculiarities of different enterprise equity accounting (closed share holding company, state enterprise, state budget institution). Tasks that have been set to reach the aim: 1) scrutinize requirements for share holding company, state enterprise, state budget institution of their equity accounting; 2) compare their peculiarities of equity accounting: structure of equity, similarities and differences between 3rd class of a chart of accounts. After the research becomes the evidence that equity accounting of closed share holding company is strictly regulated by laws and standards while equity accounting of state enterprise and budget institution is almost unregulated. The most specific structure of equity is in state budget institution. Whereas the structure of equity in state enterprise is closer to the structure of equity in closed share holding company. Consequently in a number of cases requirements for state enterprise of their equity accounting might become closer to requirements for closed share holding company, for example, requirements for shareholders equity, formation of reserves. In this way the stringency of regulation for closed share holding company would be taken to regulate state enterprise equity accounting. However, closed share hold company has specificities that might not be adjusted in state enterprise, for example, requirements for share premium, reserve for own shares because the activity of state enterprise is not intended to reach for profit. After the comparison of the 3rd class of a chart of accounts becomes the evidence that closed share holding company and state enterprise have many similarities. However, closed share holding company has far and away more sub accounts to register equity and changes of equity.Straipsnyje nagrinėjami uždarosioms akcinėms bendrovėms keliami reikalavimai nuosavo kapitalo apskaitai, atsižvelgiant į tai, jog įmonės nuosavo kapitalo formavimo procesas turi būti ne tik juridiškai pagrįstas, bet ir ekonomiškai argumentuotas. Taip pat lyginami nuosavo kapitalo (grynojo turto) apskaitos ypatumai skirtingo nuosavo kapitalo įmonėse/organizacijose (uždarosiose akcinėse bendrovėse, biudžetinėse įstaigose, viešosiose įstaigose). Remiantis atliktos kokybinės duomenų analizės rezultatais identifikuojami ir nustatomi nagrinėjamų skirtingų organizacijų nuosavo kapitalo (grynojo turto) struktūros, sąskaitų plano 3 klasės panašumai ir skirtumai

The Evaluation of Methodological Aspects of the Trade Enterprises Financial Stability Analysis

[full article and abstract in English] Modern world trade trends put forward additional requirements for the trade enterprises to ensure efficient functioning and achieve a high level of competition. Considering this, it becomes actual to form and implement substantiated organizational and economic mechanism of financial stability analysis. The aim of the article is to substantiate the methodical aspects of the trade enterprises financial stability analysis in order to ensure the improvement of the economic assessment mechanism of its level. Research methods: generalization, analysis and synthesis. Key findings: the existing trends in the usage of the trade enterprises analytical apparatus are indicated the need for modernization of many methodical aspects of financial stability analysis. The author justified that it is advisable to adapt and implement in practice the structures of performance indicators in specific activity areas and structural divisions, to determine their impact significance on the integral indicator of the trade enterprise effectiveness. Prerequisites for improvement of the trade enterprises financial stability analysis system are revealed. Based on the scientific approaches evaluation the author developed methodological provisions of the complex analysis of the trade enterprises financial stability and highlighted the conceptual directions of the development and adaptation of existing methods to the real economy conditions. The main problems of ensuring the trade enterprises financial stability are revealed and ways of their solution are suggested. The theoretical provisions and methodological approaches discussed in the article can be used as the specific recommendations on the assessment of the trade enterprises financial stability and to develop an integrated model of such assessment. The scientific and methodological recommendations of the trade enterprises financial stability assessment that will contribute to the economic mechanism improvement for provision are proposed.[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba] Modern world trade trends put forward additional requirements for the trade enterprises to ensure efficient functioning and achieve a high level of competition. Considering this, it becomes actual to form and implement substantiated organizational and economic mechanism of financial stability analysis. The aim of the article is to substantiate the methodical aspects of the trade enterprises financial stability analysis in order to ensure the improvement of the economic assessment mechanism of its level. Research methods: generalization, analysis and synthesis. Key findings: the existing trends in the usage of the trade enterprises analytical apparatus are indicated the need for modernization of many methodical aspects of financial stability analysis. The author justified that it is advisable to adapt and implement in practice the structures of performance indicators in specific activity areas and structural divisions, to determine their impact significance on the integral indicator of the trade enterprise effectiveness. Prerequisites for improvement of the trade enterprises financial stability analysis system are revealed. Based on the scientific approaches evaluation the author developed methodological provisions of the complex analysis of the trade enterprises financial stability and highlighted the conceptual directions of the development and adaptation of existing methods to the real economy conditions. The main problems of ensuring the trade enterprises financial stability are revealed and ways of their solution are suggested. The theoretical provisions and methodological approaches discussed in the article can be used as the specific recommendations on the assessment of the trade enterprises financial stability and to develop an integrated model of such assessment. The scientific and methodological recommendations of the trade enterprises financial stability assessment that will contribute to the economic mechanism improvement for provision are proposed

Virtualių sąskaitų (NDC) pensijų sistemos įvedimo įtaka individo požiūriu

Retirement benefit plans are the relevant theme in the world and in Lithuania as well. The demographic challenges such as ageing and shrinking labour force cause the problem which usual PAYG system is not able to solve. Whereas this problem is very important in Lithuania simulation of notional defined contribution system is suggested. The influence of new pension system to individuals is analysed in this paper.  The analysis of theoretical works showed that NDC system is defined contribution (DC) system financed as in pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. This pension scheme is different from others because of it accounting mechanism: contributions of individuals are accumulated on their individual accounts but whereas real capital is not accumulated the balance is notional. All accumulated sum is converted to pension benefit when individuals are at retirement age depending on cohort’s life expectancy. It is said that NDC pension system helps to solve problems such as sensitivity to changes in economic growth, decreasing volume of savings or create a better link between contributions and benefits.  Nevertheless it is recognized that benefit return in NDC pension system is less than in usual defined contribution system. The results of simulation have showed that notional defined contribution system in Lithuania would not be the way out from problems in pension system. The system would be balanced in 30-year period and indexation would be acceptable for individuals but from 2040 interest rate would be reduced by the relevant part of the balance ratio. Depending on the changes in interest rate from 2040 notional capital would be less than all sum of contribution paid and it would negatively impact individuals’ finances. It was found that the more years individuals spend in labour market the bigger capital they accumulate and the bigger benefit get when they are at retirement age. Nevertheless it was noticed that replacement rate would be approximately 25 percent and it would not be adequate for the required use of retirees.Pastaruoju metu pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje aktuali tema – pensinis aprūpinimas. Problema kyla dėl blogėjančios demografinės situacijos: ilgėja gyvenimo trukmė, mažėja darbingo amžiaus asmenų. Dėl šios priežasties dažniausiai naudojama PAYG sistema sukelia finansines pensinio aprūpinimo problemas. Lietuvoje ši problema labai gili. Todėl modeliuojama situacija keisti ją virtualių sąskaitų (NDC) sistema. Straipsnyje analizuojamas galimas šios sistemos poveikis pensijų sistemos dalyviams. Nustatyta, kad įvedus virtualių sąskaitų pensijų sistemą Lietuvoje, 30-ies metų laikotarpiu sistema būtų subalansuota ir palūkanų indeksavimas būtų palankus individui, tačiau nuo 2040 metų palūkanos būtų mažinamos atitinkama balanso santykio dalimi. Priklausomai nuo palūkanų kitimo, nuo 2040 metų tariamas kapitalas būtų mažesnis nei sumokėtų įmokų suma, kas turėtų neigiamos asmeniniams finansams. Pastebėta, kad kuo daugiau laiko asmuo praleistų darbo rinkoje, kaupdamas tariamą kapitalą, tuo didesnę išmoką gautų išėjus į pensiją. Vis dėlto, pakeitimo norma nebūtų adekvati reikiamam pensininkų vartojimui, sudarytų tik apie 25 proc

Įmonės bankroto priežasčių klasterizavimas

Bankruptcies of enterprises are among the most common events in the market economy. They cause a lot of negative effects not only for the company and its employees, but also for other companies and institutions, the state and society. Although the researchers have examined the reasons for bankruptcy, there is no list of the signs clearly indicating the likelihood of bankruptcy. Or such list is impossible due to the fact that causes of bankruptcy are related to the complex and constantly changing external environment of the company. That is why various features are only the symptoms pointing to the fact that the company is in danger of going bankrupt. It should be mentioned that some signs indicate that the company may face a number of difficulties, including bankruptcy, if the company’s management will not take appropriate action to eliminate causes of bankruptcy or to adjust to them. Reasons for bankruptcy can be divided into: 1) internal, 2) external. External reasons are such reasons that cannot be affected by company’s executives because they do not depend on the executives’ will. Internal reasons are such reasons that depend on the company’s executives and their level of professionalism, initiative, and ability to lead and to make the right decisions. In order to take the lowest risk, company’s analysts should monitor and investigate all internal and external causes. As it has been already mentioned, there are many internal and external reasons for companies’ bankruptcy but it is not clear which are the most important ones. To answer this question the authors of this article, on the basis of Lithuanian and foreign scientific research, have compiled a theoretical list and the tree of the internal and external causes of bankruptcy. The tree and its components are improved with clusters of reasons for bankruptcy of enterprises.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos įmonių vidaus ir išorės bankroto priežasčių išskyrimo ir grupavimo teorinės nuostatos tam pasitelkiant daugiamatės analizės metodus. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad konkurencinės aplinkos sąlygomis spartėja ūkio subjektų kūrimosi ir likvidavimosi procesai, o dėl to formuojasi itin platus bankroto priežasčių spektras, kuriame kokybinės analizės būdu išskiriamos tokių priežasčių grupės. Objektyvioms bankroto priežasčių grupėms – klasteriams formuoti šį kelią racionalu papildyti kiekybiniais tyrimais

Integration of Agile Technologies in Internal Audit

The study is devoted to the processes of integration of Agile technologies in internal audits. It was determined that Agile is a method and a way of thinking simultaneously, which ensures timeliness of receiving information, quick response to risks, and acceleration of audit cycles, thanks to which the effect of value creation is achieved for both top management and stakeholders. The analysis of statistical studies of the implementation of Agile technologies allowed the authors to conclude that the Agile approach is increasingly used in enterprises to achieve planned results, and to single out key changes in the concepts of internal audit, which became possible thanks to the implementation of the Agile approach. It is noted that there is no single path for transitioning to the use of Agile methodology for all organisations. In addition, such a transition can cause difficulties associated with rethinking the audit process. That is why the authors attempted to unify the work cycles of the internal Agile audit

Įmonių socialinės atsakomybės atskleidimo vertinimas didžiausiuose Lietuvos bankuose

The article examines the importance and regulation of corporate social responsibility disclosure. Based on the GRI standards and the recommendations of the Bank of Lithuania, the paper develops a methodology for calculating the corporate social responsibility index and a model for assessing its quality. The paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted to assess the disclosure of corporate social responsibility in the financial statements of the largest Lithuanian banks in the period 2018-2022. The results show that Lithuanian banks tend to disclose more than 91% of the recommended socially responsible information, while the quality of the reports, according to the selected criteria, reaches 64-82%. Nevertheless, it was noted that some banks do not produce CSR reports and publish group reports in languages other than Lithuanian. Some reports show signs of poor quality: the objectives are not specific and measurable and the textual information is repetitive throughout the study period.Straipsnyje nagrinėjama įmonių socialinės atsakomybės atskleidimo svarba ir reglamentavimas. Remiantis GRI standartais ir Lietuvos Banko pateiktomis rekomendacijomis, parengta įmonių socialinės atsakomybės indekso skaičiavimo metodika ir kokybės vertinimo modelis. Straipsnyje pristatomi atlikto empirinio tyrimo rezultatai, kurio metu buvo vertinamas įmonių socialinės atsakomybės atskleidimas trijų didžiausių Lietuvos bankų finansinėse ataskaitose 2018–2022 m. laikotarpiu. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvos bankai linkę atskleisti daugiau kaip 91 % rekomenduojamos socialiai atsakingos informacijos, o ataskaitų kokybė, pagal pasirinktus kriterijus, siekia 64–82 %. Nepaisant to, pastebėta, kad kai kurie bankai nesudarinėja įmonių socialinės atsakomybės ataskaitų, o skelbia įmonių grupės ataskaitas ne lietuvių kalba. Dalyje ataskaitų stebimi nekokybiškų ataskaitų požymiai: keliami tikslai nėra konkretūs ir išmatuojami, o tekstinė informacija per visą tyrimo laikotarpį kartojasi

Preparation and Audit of Consolidated Statements in Belarus: Status, Problems, Prospects

[full article, abstract in English] The study purpose is development of a methodology for preparation of consolidated financial statements in the context of harmonization of the national system of accounting and preparation of statements with IFRS norms and principles. Study objectives: a) analysis of normative legal acts governing the preparation of consolidated financial statements in Belarus; b) identification of problematic issues arising during preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with the national legislation; c) development of specific proposals for improving the methodology for preparation of consolidated statements; d) analysis of the practice of audit of consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the national legislation and IFRS. In order to achieve tasks assigned, the author analyzes national normative legal acts that regulate the preparation of consolidated financial statements, examines specific consolidation mechanisms that raise questions among authors of statements, identifies approaches to resolving problematic consolidation issues, identifies reasons that prevent the preparation of reliable statements, as well as reasons for their non-preparation. Investigation of issues related to preparation of consolidated statements is linked to problematic issues of audit of such statements. The conclusion includes proposals for improvement of organization and clarification of the methodology for preparation of consolidated statements, as well as proposals for amending the legislation on audit activities on issues related to the audit of consolidated accounting statements.[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba] The study purpose is development of a methodology for preparation of consolidated financial statements in the context of harmonization of the national system of accounting and preparation of statements with IFRS norms and principles. Study objectives: a) analysis of normative legal acts governing the preparation of consolidated financial statements in Belarus; b) identification of problematic issues arising during preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with the national legislation; c) development of specific proposals for improving the methodology for preparation of consolidated statements; d) analysis of the practice of audit of consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with the national legislation and IFRS. In order to achieve tasks assigned, the author analyzes national normative legal acts that regulate the preparation of consolidated financial statements, examines specific consolidation mechanisms that raise questions among authors of statements, identifies approaches to resolving problematic consolidation issues, identifies reasons that prevent the preparation of reliable statements, as well as reasons for their non-preparation. Investigation of issues related to preparation of consolidated statements is linked to problematic issues of audit of such statements. The conclusion includes proposals for improvement of organization and clarification of the methodology for preparation of consolidated statements, as well as proposals for amending the legislation on audit activities on issues related to the audit of consolidated accounting statements