26,224 research outputs found

    Shrinking violets: are organic farms the sensitive flowers of the rural environment

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    In New Zealand organic farming is a burgeoning sector of the rural economy. Certified organic production units may have their products guaranteed by a range of systems. These systems generally rely upon organic production standards the standards and an external review in terms of adherence to the standards. Failure to comply with the rules results both in a loss of integrity and if detected, decertification

    Pre-Impact Pain and Suffering Damages in Aviation Accidents

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    The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Law of International Watercourses: Principles and Planned Measures

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    52 pages. Contains 6 pages of footnotes

    The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Law of International Watercourses: Principles and Planned Measures

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    52 pages. Contains 6 pages of footnotes

    Case Notes

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    Liability of a Surgeon for the Extension of an Authorized Operation

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    Liability of a Surgeon for the Extension of an Authorized Operation

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    Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the voltage dependence of several voltage-gated ion channels, thereby being potent modifiers of cellular excitability. Detailed knowledge of this molecular mechanism can be used in designing a new class of small-molecule compounds against hyperexcitability diseases. Here, we show that arginines on one side of the helical K-channel voltage sensor S4 increased the sensitivity to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whereas arginines on the opposing side decreased this sensitivity. Glutamates had opposite effects. In addition, a positively charged DHA-like molecule, arachidonyl amine, had opposite effects to the negatively charged DHA. This suggests that S4 rotates to open the channel and that DHA electrostatically affects this rotation. A channel with arginines in positions 356, 359, and 362 was extremely sensitive to DHA: 70 mu M DHA at pH 9.0 increased the current greater than500 times at negative voltages compared with wild type (WT). The small-molecule compound pimaric acid, a novel Shaker channel opener, opened the WT channel. The 356R/359R/362R channel drastically increased this effect, suggesting it to be instrumental in future drug screening
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