316,685 research outputs found
Why Are There So Few Insect Predators of Nuts of American Beech \u3ci\u3e(Fagus Grandifolia)?\u3c/i\u3e
American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., is a common nut-bearing tree of eastern North America. Compared to other North American nut-bearing tree species of comparable geographic range, the nut-infesting insect fauna of American beech is species-poor: only the filbertworn, Cydia latiferreana (Wlsm.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), infests nuts of American beech. Why are there so few insect predators of nuts of American beech? Using data from published studies, I explore two hypotheses that may help to explain the species-poor nut-infesting insect fauna of American beech. First, might chemical defense of beechnuts, and/ or low nutritional value, restrict the number of insect predators that can exploit this food resource (unprofitable resource hypothesis)? Second, may spatial and temporal variability of beechnut mast crops limit colonization by nut-infesting insects because of the unpredictability of the resource (unpredictable resource hypothesis)? I found no strong evidence to suggest that chemical defense or low nutritional value was associated with the species-poor nut-infesting insect fauna of American beech. Yearly variability in nut crop size alone did not explain the low species richness of American beech compared to other tree species. Instead, I suggest that spatial and temporal unpredictability in production of sound versus incomplete beechnuts was an effective filter that limited colonization of beechnuts by insects. Moreover, the lone insect species able to successfully colonize beechnuts, C. latiferreana, is well adapted to resource unpredictability. Unlike specialist insect species that infest nuts of only 1 or 2 North American tree genera, C. latiferreana has a relatively broad host range and its mobile larvae can relocate to new resources when faced with food shortages
Herbivory increases diversification across insect clades.
Insects contain more than half of all living species, but the causes of their remarkable diversity remain poorly understood. Many authors have suggested that herbivory has accelerated diversification in many insect clades. However, others have questioned the role of herbivory in insect diversification. Here, we test the relationships between herbivory and insect diversification across multiple scales. We find a strong, positive relationship between herbivory and diversification among insect orders. However, herbivory explains less variation in diversification within some orders (Diptera, Hemiptera) or shows no significant relationship with diversification in others (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera). Thus, we support the overall importance of herbivory for insect diversification, but also show that its impacts can vary across scales and clades. In summary, our results illuminate the causes of species richness patterns in a group containing most living species, and show the importance of ecological impacts on diversification in explaining the diversity of life
Insects Associated With Butternut and Butternut Canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin
Butternut, Juglans cinerea, is being killed throughout its native range in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. In addition to rain splashed spores, it is thought that the fungus may have spread over long distances to infect widely scattered butternut by insect vectors During surveys in 1995 and 1996 we found several insect species in close association with diseased butternut trees, and spores of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum were isolated in pure culture from the bodies of some of these insects. Potential insect vectors were species in the coleopteran genera Eubulus (Curculionidae), Laemophlaeus (Laemophloeidae), and Glischrochilus (Nitidulidae). Because several insect species become contaminated with fungal spores, further study is needed to determine if any of these insects might transmit the fungus to healthy trees and thereby infect them
Countdown to 2010: Can we assess Ireland’s insect species diversity and loss?
peer-reviewedThe insects are the most diverse organisms on this planet and play an essential role in ecosystem functioning, yet we know very little about them. In light of the Convention on Biological Diversity,
this paper summarises the known insect species numbers for Ireland and questions whether this is a true refl ection of our insect diversity. The total number of known species for Ireland is 11,422.
Using species accumulation curves and a comparison with the British fauna, this study shows that the Irish list is incomplete and that the actual species number is much higher. However, even with
a reasonable knowledge of the species in Ireland, insects are such speciose, small, and inconspicuous animals that it is diffi cult to assess species loss. It is impossible to know at one point in time the
number of insect species in Ireland and, although it is useful to summarise the known number of species, it is essential that biodiversity indicators, such as the Red List Index, are developed
Closely Related Tree Species Differentially Influence the Transfer of Carbon and Nitrogen from Leaf Litter Up the Aquatic Food Web
Decomposing leaf litter in streams provides habitat and nutrition for aquatic insects. Despite large differences in the nutritional qualities of litter among different plant species, their effects on aquatic insects are often difficult to detect. We evaluated how leaf litter of two dominant riparian species (Populus fremontii and P. angustifolia) influenced carbon and nitrogen assimilation by aquatic insect communities, quantifying assimilation rates using stable isotope tracers (13C, 15N). We tested the hypothesis that element fluxes from litter of different plant species better define aquatic insect community structure than insect relative abundances, which often fail. We found that (1) functional communities (defined by fluxes of carbon and nitrogen from leaf litter to insects) were different between leaf litter species, whereas more traditional insect communities (defined by relativized taxa abundances) were not different between leaf litter species, (2) insects assimilated N, but not C, at a higher rate from P. angustifolia litter compared to P. fremontii, even though P. angustifolia decomposes more slowly, and (3) the C:N ratio of material assimilated by aquatic insects was lower for P. angustifolia compared to P. fremontii, indicating higher nutritional quality, despite similar initial litter C:N ratios. These findings provide new evidence for the effects of terrestrial plant species on aquatic ecosystems via their direct influence on the transfer of elements up the food web. We demonstrate how isotopically labeled leaf litter can be used to assess the functioning of insect communities, uncovering patterns undetected by traditional approaches and improving our understanding of the association between food web structure and element cycling
Bursaphelenchus pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with nematangia on Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), from the Czech Republic
The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the
Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the
genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported
the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous
microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle,
Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central
Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported
from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch
et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus
(see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et
al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus
species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in
the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski &
Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this
represents a new country record, it was also associated
with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector.
A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected
from declining or symptomatic trees and screened
for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn
beetles were captured manually after debarking parts
of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks.
Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with
logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature
in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each
adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined
for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles
of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified
by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer
regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction
enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were
performed to generate the species-specific profile according
to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification
was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of
the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5%
malt extract agar.
During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae,
subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence
of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of
this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia
formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1).
The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes
bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)
collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each
insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns
of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of
B. pinophilus associated with this insect species.
Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in
Europe and has been reported from various countries such
as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch,
2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection
of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in
Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution
and potential importance. It has been found associated
only with Pinus species, but very little is known
about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda,
was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with
this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological
and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007).
According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited
as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in
Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain
(Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was
found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind
wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not
so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis
has been found recently in such a structure on the hind
wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et
al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus
spp.) are frequently found associated within
the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this
particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified.
The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus
represents the first report of this biological association
and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens
the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus
species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss
et al., 2005)
An assessment of the antibacterial activity in larval excretion/secretion of four species of insects recorded in association with corpses, using Lucilia sericata Meigen as the marker species
The relative antibacterial activities of excretion/secretion (ES) from two carrion-feeding
insects, Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Dermestes maculatus
DeGeer, and a detritivore, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, were compared to that of
Lucilia sericata Meigen, a species with ES of known antibacterial capacity, in order
to explore the antimicrobial potential of other carrion and detritivore species.
Viable counts were used to assess time-kill of ES against five bacterial species,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Proteus mirabilis. Antibacterial activity was recorded in all four insect species
although T. molitor and D. maculatus were the most effective in controlling growth
of P. mirabilis. The blowflies were more effective in controlling a wider range of
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The larval ES from all species was
shown to reduce bacterial growth rate although differences in antibacterial
spectrum were noted and the degree of potency varied between the four species.
These differences may be explained ecologically by the different colonisation times
of each insect species on the corpse. Overall, this study demonstrates that research
into other carrion-feeding insect species has potential to provide an increased
source of antimicrobial chemicals to broaden the range of bacterial species beyond
that currently controlled using L. sericata
Great Diversity of Insect Floral Associates May Partially Explain Ecological Success of Poison Ivy (\u3ci\u3eToxicodendron Radicans\u3c/i\u3e Subsp. \u3ci\u3eNegundo\u3c/i\u3e [Greene] Gillis, Anacardiaceae)
Little is known about insect floral associates of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans, Anacardiaceae), despite the species’ ubiquity and importance in nature and society. Poison ivy’s pollination syndrome and results from prior studies suggest that the plant is not specialized for any particular pollinator type; however, a systematic survey exploring this hypothesis has been lacking. For this study, insect floral associates of Toxicodendron radicans subsp. negundo from a central Iowa site were observed during the flowering season of 2005. Thirty- seven distinct insect floral associates were observed: 8 coleopterans (beetles), 7 dipterans (flies), 2 hemipterans (true bugs), 19 hymenopterans (ants, bees, wasps), and 1 lepidopteran (butterfly). Hymenopterans appeared to be the most important contributors to poison ivy pollination on a per species basis; however, coleopterans and dipterans were also frequent associates. Poison ivy’s ability to utilize a diverse assemblage of insect pollinators may partially explain its ecological success in varied habitats
The phytochemical composition of Melia volkensii and its potential for insect pest management
Due to potential health and environmental risks of synthetic pesticides, coupled with their non-selectivity and pest resistance, there has been increasing demand for safer and biodegradable alternatives for insect pest management. Botanical pesticides have emerged as a promising alternative due to their non-persistence, high selectivity, and low mammalian toxicity. Six Meliaceae plant species, Azadirachta indica, Azadirachta excelsa, Azadirachta siamens, Melia azedarach, Melia toosendan, and Melia volkensii, have been subject to botanical pesticide evaluation. This review focuses on Melia volkensii, which has not been intensively studied. M. volkensii, a dryland tree species native to East Africa, has shown activity towards a broad range of insect orders, including dipterans, lepidopterans and coleopterans. Its extracts have been reported to have growth inhibiting and antifeedant properties against Schistocerca gregaria, Trichoplusia ni, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Epilachna varivestis, Nezara viridula, several Spodoptera species and other insect pests. Mortality in mosquitoes has also been reported. Several limonoids with a wide range of biological activities have been isolated from the plant, including volkensin, salannin, toosendanin, trichilin-class limonoids, volkendousin, kulactone among others. This paper presents a concise review of published information on the phytochemical composition and potential of M. volkensii for application in insect pest management
Habitat Characterization of Five Rare Insects in Michigan (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Riodinidae, Satyridae; Homoptera: Cercopidae)
Over 80 species of insects are listed as endangered, threatened, or special concern under Michigan\u27s endangered species act. For the majority of these species, detailed habitat information is scant or difficult to interpret. We describe the habitat of five insect species that are considered rare in Michigan: Lepyronia angulifera (Cercopidae), Prosapia ignipectus (Cercopidae), Oarisma poweshiek (Hesperiidae), Calephelis mutica (Riodinidae), and Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii (Satyridae). Populations of each species were only found within a fraction of the plant communities deemed suitable based upon previous literature. Furthermore, individuals of each species were observed to be closely affiliated with just a few vegetation associations within larger plant communities. Restriction of these species to particular microhabitats was determined to be, in part, due to ecological or behavioral specialization of each insect species. We believe that the most holistic management and conservation practices for these rare insects in Michigan should focus on protecting the integrity of both the plant community and the micro- habitat upon which these species depend
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