Competition, Innovation and Increasing Returns

This paper concerns the operation of competition in the presence of a high rate of innovation and increasing returns. Given free competition there is likely to exist, in this case, a tendency towards what may be called ‘dynamic equilibrium’, a tendency, that is to say, for the rate of investment in product development to rise or fall towards the level at which this investment yields only a normal return. Thus, competition, increasing returns and innovation may co-exist.Innovation, increasing returns, competition

Organic food and farming research in Finland

In Finland we have a tendency of increasing activities in organic food and farming research during last five years. Most of the organic food and farming research i Finland is carried out at the MTT Agrifood Research Finland. The rest is done at the universities and other institutes

A THEORY OF PACKER SELF PRODUCTION IN THE SWINE INDUSTRY

An analytical model is developed to explain the increasing tendency of pork packers to produce their own hogs. Upstream integration is motivated by recent events including increasing hog buyer consolidation and a need for traceability, but is held in check since it lowers upstream managerial incentives to make non-contractible investments.Livestock Production/Industries,

Pressure selling or customer oriented selling : does Type A behaviour pattern in salespeople affect their selling style? : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University at Palmerston North

The current study empirically investigated the effect of type A behaviour pattern on their tendency for salespeople to use either pressure selling, or customer oriented selling. The indirect effect of two sources of Type A behaviour were considered. Firstly, dispositional characteristics in salespeople that seemed to elicit type A behaviour were considered. Secondly the effect of role overload on eliciting type A behaviours from type B salespeople were also considered. The data was analysed with structural equation modelling. Hierarchical regression was used to test for interactions. It was found that both dispositional and stress-related type A behaviours indirectly affected the selling style used by salespeople. Firstly, it was found that dispositional and stress-related aspects of type A behaviour could increase the tendency for salespeople to become depressed. Depression tended to decrease the tendency for salespeople to use customer oriented selling, and increase the tendency for salespeople to use pressure selling. Secondly, although both dispositional and stress related aspects of type A increased the tendency for salespeople to become impatient, only partial support was found for the effect of impatience on increasing pressure selling in salespeople. Thirdly, the "motivated achieving" aspect of type A behaviour tended to increase the likelihood that salespeople would use customer oriented selling, and reduced their tendency to become depressed. No support was found for an interaction between the dispositional and stress-related aspects of type A behaviour in salespeople. The implications of these results were discussed. Recommendations were made for interventions that may reduce the effect of antecedent variables on dysfunctional aspects of type A behaviour pattern in salespeople

The influence of a mean magnetic field on three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Building on results from two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence (Shebalin, Matthaeus & Montgomery 1983), the development of anisotropic states from initially isotropic ones is investigated numerically for fully three-dimensional incompressible MHD turbulence. It is found that when an external d.c. magnetic field (B₀) is imposed on viscous and resistive MHD systems, excitations are preferentially transferred to modes with wavevectors perpendicular to B₀). The anisotropy increases with increasing mechanical and magnetic Reynolds numbers, and also with increasing wavenumber. The tendency of B₀ to inhibit development of turbulence is also examined

Evolution of two-gap behavior of the superconductor FeSe_1-x

The superfluid density, \rho_s, of the iron chalcogenide superconductor, FeSe_1-x, was studied as a function of pressure by means of muon-spin rotation. The zero-temperature value of \rho_s increases with increasing transition temperature T_c (increasing pressure) following the tendency observed for various Fe-based and cuprate superconductors. The analysis of \rho_s(T) within the two-gap scheme reveals that the effect on both, T_c and \rho_s(0), is entirely determined by the band(s) where the large superconducting gap develops, while the band(s) with the small gap become practically unaffected.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

The Divergence of Human Capital Levels Across Cities

Over the past 30 years, the share of adult populations with college degrees increased more in cities with higher initial schooling levels than in initially less educated places. This tendency appears to be driven by shifts in labor demand as there is an increasing wage premium for skilled people working in skilled cities. In this paper, we present a model where the clustering of skilled people in metropolitan areas is driven by the tendency of skilled entrepreneurs to innovate in ways that employ other skilled people and by the elasticity of housing supply.