Iridium-Catalyzed Silylation of Five-Membered Heteroarenes: High Sterically Derived Selectivity from a Pyridyl-Imidazoline Ligand.

The steric effects of substituents on five-membered rings are less pronounced than those on six-membered rings because of the difference in bond angles. Thus, the regioselectivities of reactions of five-membered heteroarenes that occur with selectivities dictated by steric effects, such as the borylation of C-H bonds, have been poor in many cases. We report that the silylation of five-membered-ring heteroarenes occurs with high sterically derived regioselectivity when catalyzed by the combination of [Ir(cod)(OMe)]2 (cod=1,5-cyclooctadiene) and a phenanthroline ligand or a new pyridyl-imidazoline ligand that further increases the regioselectivity. The silylation reactions with these catalysts produce high yields of heteroarylsilanes from functionalization at the most sterically accessible C-H bonds of these rings under conditions that the borylation of C-H bonds with previously reported catalysts formed mixtures of products or products that are unstable. The heteroarylsilane products undergo cross-coupling reactions and substitution reactions with ipso selectivity to generate heteroarenes that bear halogen, aryl, and perfluoroalkyl substituents

Synthesis and late-stage functionalization of complex molecules through C-H fluorination and nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

We report the late-stage functionalization of multisubstituted pyridines and diazines at the position α to nitrogen. By this process, a series of functional groups and substituents bound to the ring through nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or carbon are installed. This functionalization is accomplished by a combination of fluorination and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the installed fluoride. A diverse array of functionalities can be installed because of the mild reaction conditions revealed for nucleophilic aromatic substitutions (S(N)Ar) of the 2-fluoroheteroarenes. An evaluation of the rates for substitution versus the rates for competitive processes provides a framework for planning this functionalization sequence. This process is illustrated by the modification of a series of medicinally important compounds, as well as the increase in efficiency of synthesis of several existing pharmaceuticals

Recent Advances in Minisci-Type Reactions.

Reactions that involve the addition of carbon-centered radicals to basic heteroarenes, followed by formal hydrogen atom loss, have become widely known as Minisci-type reactions. First developed into a useful synthetic tool in the late 1960s by Minisci, this reaction type has been in constant use over the last half century by chemists seeking to functionalize heterocycles in a rapid and direct manner, avoiding the need for de novo heterocycle synthesis. Whilst the originally developed protocols for radical generation remain in active use today, they have been joined in recent years by a new array of radical generation strategies that allow use of a wider variety of radical precursors that often operate under milder and more benign conditions. The recent surge of interest in new transformations based on free radical reactivity has meant that numerous choices are now available to a synthetic chemist looking to utilize a Minisci-type reaction. Radical-generation methods based on photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have joined approaches which utilize thermal cleavage or the in situ generation of reactive radical precursors. This review will cover the remarkably large body of literature that has appeared on this topic over the last decade in an attempt to provide guidance to the synthetic chemist, as well as a perspective on both the challenges that have been overcome and those that still remain. As well as the logical classification of advances based on the nature of the radical precursor, with which most advances have been concerned, recent advances in control of various selectivity aspects associated with Minisci-type reactions will also be discussed

Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Driven Enantioselective Minisci Reaction of Amides.

Minisci-type reactions constitute one of the most powerful methods for building up complexity around basic heteroarenes. The most desirable variants involve formal oxidative coupling of a C-H bond on each partner, leading back to the simplest possible starting materials. We herein disclose a method that enables such a coupling of linear amides and heteroarenes with full control of enantioselectivity at the newly formed stereocenter as well as site selectivity on both the heteroarene and the amide. This is achieved by the use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst in conjunction with diacetyl as a combined hydrogen atom transfer reagent and oxidant. Diacetyl is directly photoexcitable, and thus, no extraneous photocatalyst is required: an added feature that contributes to the simplicity and practicality of the protocol.EPSRC, GlaxoSmithKline, ER

Recent Developments in Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylations of Heteroarenes with Aryl Halides

The direct arylation of heteroaromatic compounds with aryl halides using palladium catalysts has significantly been developed as an effective method for making (hetero)aryl-heteroaryl bonds, which are frequently found in biologically active compounds and functional materials. However, issues regarding costly reagents, regioselectivity, and harsh reaction conditions have to be solved to really compete with the classical transition metal-mediated cross-coupling procedures involving stoichiometric organometallic reagents. In this review, the most relevant developments aimed at solving these issues are summarized

Photocatalytic fluoroalkylation reactions of organic compounds

Photocatalytic methods for fluoroalkyl-radical generation provide more convenient alternatives to the classical perfluoroalkyl-radical (Rf) production through chemical initiators, such as azo or peroxide compounds or the employment of transition metals through a thermal electron transfer (ET) initiation process. The mild photocatalytic reaction conditions tolerate a variety of functional groups and, thus, are handy to the late-stage modification of bioactive molecules. Transition metal-photocatalytic reactions for Rf radical generation profit from the redox properties of coordinatively saturated Ru or Ir organocomplexes to act as both electron donor and reductive species, thus allowing for the utilization of electron accepting and donating fluoroalkylating agents for Rf radical production. On the other hand, laboratory-available and inexpensive photoorgano catalysts (POC), in the absence of transition metals, can also act as electron exchange species upon excitation, resulting in ET reactions that produce Rf radicals. In this work, a critical account of transition metal and transition metal-free Rf radical production will be described with photoorgano catalysts, studying classical examples and the most recent investigations in the field.Fil: Barata Vallejo, Sebastian. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bonesi, Sergio Mauricio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Postigo, Jose Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Production of New Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds Induced by Visible Light

[ES] En la presente tesis doctoral se describen metodologías novedosas, simples y rápidas con luz visible para producir compuestos con nuevos enlaces C-heteroátomo como C-B, C-P y C-S que representan estructuras valiosas en la síntesis orgánica moderna. La luz visible se emplea como fuente de energía más suave y sostenible que la tradicional (energía térmica). Por otro lado, también se han empleado nanorreactores espaciales como las redes de gel viscoelástico mediante enfoques 'ascendentes' para mejorar diferentes procesos en comparación con la disolución, en términos de cinética, selectividad o procesabilidad. Por lo tanto, el Capítulo 3 describe un procedimiento novedoso, directo y rápido para producir tiofenos que contienen boro empleando luz visible en disolución anaeróbica sin el uso de ningún fotocatalizador externo. Este estudio se ha ampliado a la borilación de haluros de heteroareno comerciales en condiciones aeróbicas en un nanorreactor de gel fácil de usar (Capítulo 4). La red de gel proporciona un microambiente estabilizador adecuado para soportar una amplia gama de sustratos, incluidos los ésteres de boronato de furano, tiofeno, selenofeno y de pirrol. El Capítulo 5 se centra en una nueva estrategia para lograr una fosforilación aeróbica eficiente de heteroarenos de cinco miembros mediante catálisis fotorredox dicromática en un nanorreactor basado en gel. La metodología, que opera mediante un mecanismo de transferencia de electrones fotoinducida consecutiva (ConPET), se ha aplicado con éxito a la síntesis sencilla y limpia de varios fosfonatos de heteroareno diferentes (furano, tiofeno, selenofeno, pirrol, oxazol o tioxazol), extendiéndose a la etapa tardía de la fosforilación del anticoagulante rivaroxabán. Por último, el Capítulo 6 muestra una tiolación (formación enlaces C-S) simple y efectiva, libre de metales, de haluros de heteroareno comerciales usando luz visible. Los resultados experimentales son consistentes con una reacción basada en un complejo aceptor-donador de electrones (EDA) entre una alquilamina y el haluro de heteroareno. El mecanismo del proceso se ha demostrado mediante estudios espectroscópicos, mientras que la robustez se ha demostrado mediante experimentos a escala de gramo y derivatización de última etapa.[CA] En la present tesi doctoral es descriuen metodologies noves, simples i ràpides amb llum visible per a produir compostos amb nous enllaços C-heteroàtom com C-B, C-P i C-S que representen estructures valuoses en la síntesi orgànica moderna. La llum visible s'utilitza com a font d'energia mes suau i sostenible que la tradicional (energia tèrmica). D'altra banda, també s'han emprat nanorreactors espacials com les xarxes de gel viscoelàstic mitjançant enfocaments 'ascendents' per a millorar diferents processos en comparació amb la dissolució, en termes de cinètica, selectivitat o procesabilitat. Per tant, el Capítol 3 descriu un procediment nou, directe i ràpid per a produir tiofens que contenen bor emprant llum visible en dissolució anaeròbica sense l'ús de cap fotocatalitzador extern. Aquest estudi s'ha ampliat a la borilació d'halurs d'heteroaré comercials en condicions aeròbiques en un nanorreactor de gel fàcil d'usar (Capítol 4). La xarxa de gel proporciona un microambient estabilitzador adequat per a suportar una àmplia gamma de substrats, inclosos els èsters de boronat de furan, tiofé, selenofé i de pirrol. El Capítol 5 se centra en una nova estratègia per a aconseguir una fosforilació aeròbica eficient de heteroarens de cinc membres mitjançant catàlisis fotorredox dicromàtica en un nanorreactor basat en gel. La metodologia, que opera mitjançant un mecanisme de transferència d'electrons fotoinducida consecutiva (ConPET), s'ha aplicat amb èxit a la síntesi senzilla i neta de diversos fosfonats d'heteroaré diferents (furan, tiofé, selenofé, pirrol, oxazol o tioxazol), estenent-se a l'etapa tardana de la fosforilació de l'anticoagulant rivaroxabán. Finalment, el Capítol 6 mostra una tiolació (formació d'enllaços C-S) simple i efectiva, lliure de metalls, d'halurs d'heteroaré comercials usant llum visible. Els resultats experimentals són consistents amb una reacció basada en un complex acceptor-donador d'electrons (EDA) entre una alquilamina i l'halur d'heteroaré. El mecanisme del procés s'ha demostrat mitjançant estudis espectroscòpics, mentre que la robustesa s'ha demostrat mitjançant experiments a escala de gram i derivatització d'última etapa.[EN] This thesis doctoral describes novel, simple, and rapid methodologies using visible light to produce compounds with new C-heteroatom bonds such as C-B, C-P and C-S that represent valuable scaffolds in modern organic synthesis. The employment of visible light as energy source highlights the concepts of green and sustainable chemistry considering its mild, safe, and eco-friendly advantages. On the other hand, spatially nanoreactors such as viscoelastic gel networks by 'bottom-up' approaches to improve different processes in comparison to solution, in terms of kinetics, selectivity or processability have been also developed. Thus, Chapter 3 describes a novel, straightforward, and fast procedure to produce boron-containing thiophenes employing visible light in anaerobic solution. Interestingly, the process does not require the use of any external photocatalyst. This study has been extended to the borylation of commercially available heteroarene halides under aerobic conditions in an easy-to-use gel nanoreactor (Chapter 4). The gel network provides an adequate stabilizing microenvironment to support wide substrate scope, including furan, thiophene, selenophene, and pyrrole boronate esters. Chapter 5 focus on a new strategy to achieve efficient aerobic phosphorylation of five-membered heteraroenes using dichromatic photoredox catalysis in a gel-based nanoreactor. The methodology, which operates by a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) mechanism, has been successfully applied to the straightforward and clean synthesis of a number of different heteroarene (furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrrole, oxazole, or thioxazole) phosphonates, extending to the late-stage phosphonylation of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban. Lastly, regarding the construction of new C-S bonds, Chapter 6 shows a simple and effective metal-free thiolation of commercial heteroarene halides using visible light. The experimental results are consistent with the reaction taking place from an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between an alkylamine and the heteroarene halide. Mechanistic aspects of the whole process have been demonstrated by spectroscopic measurements whereas the strength of this novel method has been proven by gram-scale experiment and late-stage derivatization.Herrera Luna, JC. (2022). Production of New Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds Induced by Visible Light [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/19105

Pd(II)-Catalyzed C-H Acylation of (Hetero)arenes. Recent Advances

Di(hetero)aryl ketones are important motifs present in natural products, pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals. In recent years, Pd(II)-catalyzed acylation of (hetero)arenes in the presence of an oxidant has emerged as a catalytic alternative to classical acylation methods, reducing the production of toxic metal waste. Different directing groups and acyl sources are being studied for this purpose, although further development is required to face mainly selectivity problems in order to be applied in the synthesis of more complex molecules. Selected recent developments and applications are covered in this review.This work is supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CTQ2016-74881-P), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-104148GB-I00) and Gobierno Vasco (IT1045-16)

Palladiumkatalysoitu vinyylikloridien heteroarylointi

This master’s thesis describes a method to prepare heteroarene-linked cycloalkenones. The method is a previously underutilized palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between vinyl chlorides and non-activated heteroarenes. The reaction type is essentially the reverse of the Heck reaction. The procedure was optimized using a reaction between imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and 3-chloro-2-cyclohexenone. The optimized reagent system consists of Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst, PPh3 as ligand, K2CO3 as base, 2-ethylhexanoic acid as acid additive and toluene as solvent. A number of other heteroarenes and another chlorocycloalkenone were used to expand the scope of the reaction, with a total of 23 successfully synthesized products. By default, the syntheses were performed at 100 °C but some substrates required a higher temperature of 120 °C. Chlorocycloalkenones were used in a moderate excess. The most suitable substrates were fused imidazoles and substituted oxazoles and thiazoles. Yields of over 80% were obtained from several substrates and most yields ranged between 50% and 80%. Ester and nitrile functionalities were tolerated. Unsubstituted thiazole reacted unselectively at two sites. As such, the developed method has potential uses in small-scale medicinal chemistry and other fine chemical industries. The use of non-activated heteroarenes complies with the green chemistry principles. In addition, vinyl chlorides are conveniently synthesized and are relatively stable compared to other vinyl halides.Tässä diplomityössä esitellään menetelmä heteroareenikytkettyjen sykloalkenonien valmistamiseksi. Menetelmä on aiemmin vähän käytetty palladiumin katalysoima kytkentäreaktio vinyylikloridien ja aktivoimattomien heteroareenien välillä. Reaktiotyyppiä voi pitää käänteisenä Heck-reaktioon nähden. Menetelmä optimoitiin käyttäen reaktiota imidatso[1,2-a]pyridiinin ja 3-kloro-2-sykloheksenonin välillä. Optimoidussa reagenssiyhdistelmässä oli katalyyttina Pd(OAc)2, ligandina PPh3, emäksenä K2CO3, happolisäaineena 2-etyyliheksaanihappo ja liuottimena tolueeni. Yhteensä 23 tuotetta valmistettiin onnistuneesti käyttäen erilaisia heteroareeneja ja toista klorosykloalkenonia. Useimmat synteesit tehtiin 100 °C:n lämpötilassa, mutta osa lähtöaineista vaati 120 °C:n lämpötilan. Klorosykloalkenoneja käytettiin ylimäärin. Soveltuvimpia lähtöaineita olivat bisykliset imidatsolit sekä substituoidut oksatsolit ja tiatsolit. Useat reaktiot tuottivat yli 80 %:n saannon, ja useimmat saannot olivat 50 ja 80 %:n välillä. Esteri- ja nitriilifunktionaalisuudet kestivät reaktio-olosuhteissa. Substituoimaton tiatsoli reagoi epäselektiivisesti kahdesta paikasta. Menetelmä soveltuu sellaisenaan pienen mittakaavan lääkeainekemian ja muun hienokemian käyttöön. Aktivoimattomien heteroareenien käyttö on vihreän kemian periaatteiden mukaista. Lisäksi vinyylikloridit ovat helposti saatavilla ja ne ovat suhteellisen stabiileja muihin vinyylihalideihin verrattuna