sj-docx-1-emm-10.1177_27523543231218296 - Supplemental material for Tracing the Flow of Climate Change Frames: Intermedia Agenda Setting Between Twitter and News Media in the US and the UK

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-emm-10.1177_27523543231218296 for Tracing the Flow of Climate Change Frames: Intermedia Agenda Setting Between Twitter and News Media in the US and the UK by Ziwei Wang, Yunya Song and Zhuo Chen in Emerging Media</p

Tapping.mp4

The camera, installed on an unsecured gimbal without a fixed lock, experiences minor pose shifts with a gentle tap

Pollination_and_oviposition

Video depicting pollination of and oviposition into flowers of Glochidion lanceolarium by a female Epicephala lanceolaria moth

RAxML_Epicephala

Phylogenetic hypothesis for Epicephala, recovered using maximum likelihood implemented in RAxML. Tip labels represent either specimen numbers and/or host species (in the genera Flueggea, Phyllanthus, Breynia, and Glochidion) from which specimens were reared, and are from the present study as well as Kawakita et al. (2004) Evolution, Kawakita et al. (2009) Proc. R. Soc. B, and Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. Roy. Soc. B. Many tip labels follow the Supplementary Appendix in Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B. For E. lanceolaria OTUs, numbers refer to particular specimens; two-letter codes indicate collection localities (GB: Gaobangshan, LD: South China Botanical Garden, QA: Qiao Island, WT: Wutongshan); C = pupa with cocoon, NC = pupa with no cocoon. This tree corresponds to Supplementary Figure 2 in the present manuscript

Figures_3_4

Data used in generating Figures 3 and 4 in the manuscript (see Excel spreadsheet tab labels). Figure 3 data represent the number of adult Epicephala lanceolaria moths found in individual Glochidion lanceolarium fruit at three sites in Guangdong Province, China. Figure 4 data represent the number of Epicephala lanceolaria pupae with and without cocoons found when dissecting Glochidion lanceolarium fruit at two sites in Guangdong Province, China

MrBayes_Epicephala.nex.con

Phylogenetic hypothesis for Epicephala, recovered using Bayesian inference implemented in MrBayes. Tip labels represent either specimen numbers and/or host species (in the genera Flueggea, Phyllanthus, Breynia, and Glochidion) from which specimens were reared, and are from the present study as well as Kawakita et al. (2004) Evolution, Kawakita et al. (2009) Proc. R. Soc. B, and Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. Roy. Soc. B. Many tip labels follow the Supplementary Appendix in Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B. For E. lanceolaria OTUs, numbers refer to particular specimens; two-letter codes indicate collection localities (GB: Gaobangshan, LD: South China Botanical Garden, QA: Qiao Island, WT: Wutongshan); C = pupa with cocoon, NC = pupa with no cocoon. This tree corresponds to Figure 6 in the present manuscript

MrBayes_Glochidion.nex.con

Phylogenetic hypothesis recovered using Bayesian inference implemented in MrBayes for Glochidion. Tip labels represent either specimen numbers or specific epithets for Glochidion species and are from the present study as well as Kawakita et al. (2004) Evolution and Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. Roy. Soc. B. Phyllanthus roseus is a very close relative to Glochidion, but is not pollinated by Epicephala (Kawakita and Kato 2009 Proc. R. Soc. B). Many tip labels follow the Supplementary Appendix in Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B. This tree corresponds to Figure 5 and half of Figure 7 in the present manuscript

Epicephala_constrained.nex.con

Phylogenetic hypothesis for Epicephala, recovered using Bayesian inference implemented in MrBayes constrained to force monophyly of all Glochidion-associated Epicephala. Tip labels represent either specimen numbers and/or host species (in the genera Flueggea, Phyllanthus, Breynia, and Glochidion) from which specimens were reared, and are from the present study as well as Kawakita et al. (2004) Evolution, Kawakita et al. (2009) Proc. R. Soc. B, and Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. Roy. Soc. B. Many tip labels follow the Supplementary Appendix in Hembry et al. (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B. For E. lanceolaria OTUs, numbers refer to particular specimens; two-letter codes indicate collection localities (GB: Gaobangshan, LD: South China Botanical Garden, QA: Qiao Island, WT: Wutongshan); C = pupa with cocoon, NC = pupa with no cocoon. This tree was used in Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests as described in the present manuscript

Sequence_data.fasta

Novel DNA sequence data generated for this study from the species Glochidion lanceolarium (Phyllanthaceae) and Epicephala lanceolaria (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). These data represent five loci: for Epicephala, mitochondrial COI, and nuclear EF1-α and ArgK; for Glochidion, nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS. Sequences are the same as GenBank numbers KY078233-KY078291; however, GenBank numbers are not included in this file. For correspondences between sample numbers and GenBank sequences for Epicephala, please see Table 2 in the manuscript. Glochidion lanceolarium ITS sequence corresponds to GenBank number KY078253 and ETS sequence corresponds to GenBank number KY078252

The Role of Structural Enthalpy in Spherical Nucleic Acid Hybridization

DNA hybridization onto DNA-functionalized nanoparticle surfaces (e.g., in the form of a spherical nucleic acid (SNA)) is known to be enhanced relative to hybridization free in solution. Surprisingly, via isothermal titration calorimetry, we reveal that this enhancement is enthalpically, as opposed to entropically, dominated by ∼20 kcal/mol. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the observed enthalpic enhancement results from structurally confining the DNA on the nanoparticle surface and preventing it from adopting enthalpically unfavorable conformations like those observed in the solution case. The idea that structural confinement leads to the formation of energetically more stable duplexes is evaluated by decreasing the degree of confinement a duplex experiences on the nanoparticle surface. Both experiment and simulation confirm that when the surface-bound duplex is less confined, i.e., at lower DNA surface density or at greater distance from the nanoparticle surface, its enthalpy of formation approaches the less favorable enthalpy of duplex formation for the linear strand in solution. This work provides insight into one of the most important and enabling properties of SNAs and will inform the design of materials that rely on the thermodynamics of hybridization onto DNA-functionalized surfaces, including diagnostic probes and therapeutic agents