34 research outputs found
Human Ecology, Process Philosophy and the Global Ecological Crisis
This paper argues that human ecology, based on process philosophy and challenging scientific materialism, is required to effectively confront the global ecological crisis now facing us
Correction to Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary Systems
Correction
to Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl
Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary
System
Brominated Flame Retardants and Dechlorane Plus in the Marine Atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica
The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence
in the
marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants
(BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago
toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated
concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially
of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up
to 26 pg m<sup>–3</sup> which were found to be related to continental
air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRsî—¸
pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl
ether (DPTE)î—¸were elevated, too, with concentrations up to
2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m<sup>–3</sup>, respectively. DP was detected
from 0.26 to 11 pg m<sup>–3</sup> and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate
(TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m<sup>–3</sup>, respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m<sup>–3</sup> (Σ<sub>10</sub>PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations
for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) plots
indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport
at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization
processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher
temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range
transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect
and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile
classic PBDEs
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Airborne Particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: Evidence for Global Occurrence
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame
retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles
over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken
during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the
high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian
Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated
OPs (trisÂ(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), trisÂ(2-chloroisopropyl)
phosphate (TCPP) and trisÂ(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)),
four alkylated OPs (tri-<i>n</i>-butyl phosphate (T<i>n</i>BP), tri-<i>iso</i>-butyl phosphate (T<i>i</i>BP), trisÂ(2-butoxyethyl)Âphosphate (TBEP), and trisÂ(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the
eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m<sup>–3</sup> and from 120 to 1700 pg m<sup>–3</sup> during CHINARE 4 and
CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds,
both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations
from 19 to 2000 pg m<sup>–3</sup> and 22 to 620 pg m<sup>–3</sup>, respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity
to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased
sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable.
This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans
proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the
global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica
Antioxidant effect on LP of different extracts of CK.
<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p
Antioxidant activities of ME and its four fractions of CK by seven methods.
<p>A. DPPH· scavenging activity assay, B. ABTS<sup>+</sup>· scavenging activity assay, C. ·OH scavenging activity assay, D. ·O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> scavenging activity assay, E. Cu<sup>2+</sup>-chelating activity assay, F. FRAP, G. Antioxidant effect on LP.</p
Effect of BF on the level of hepatic MDA and SOD activity in mice treated with CCl<sub>4</sub>.
<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 8). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p
•O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> scavenging activity of different extracts of CK.
<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p
Cytotoxicity and protective effect of BF on HepG2 cells.
<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 5). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column. a. the viability after treatment with BF (25 mg/mL) was too low to be chosen for the investigation of protective effect of BF on the cells.</p
Chemical structures of 13 compounds identified from CK (Api, apiosyl; Rha, rhamnosyl; Ac, acetyl moiety).
<p>Chemical structures of 13 compounds identified from CK (Api, apiosyl; Rha, rhamnosyl; Ac, acetyl moiety).</p