Human Ecology, Process Philosophy and the Global Ecological Crisis

This paper argues that human ecology, based on process philosophy and challenging scientific materialism, is required to effectively confront the global ecological crisis now facing us

Correction to Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary Systems

Correction to Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary System

Brominated Flame Retardants and Dechlorane Plus in the Marine Atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica

The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m^–3 which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m^–3, respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m^–3 and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m^–3, respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m^–3 (Σ₁₀PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs

Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Airborne Particles over the Northern Pacific and Indian Ocean toward the Polar Regions: Evidence for Global Occurrence

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) being applied as flame retardants and plasticizers were investigated in airborne particles over the Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean. Samples taken during two polar expeditions in 2010/11, one from East Asia to the high Arctic (CHINARE 4) and another from East Asia toward the Indian Ocean to the Antarctic (CHINARE 27), were analyzed for three halogenated OPs (tris­(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris­(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris­(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCP)), four alkylated OPs (tri-<i>n</i>-butyl phosphate (T<i>n</i>BP), tri-<i>iso</i>-butyl phosphate (T<i>i</i>BP), tris­(2-butoxyethyl)­phosphate (TBEP), and tris­(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). The sum of the eight investigated OPs ranged from 230 to 2900 pg m^–3 and from 120 to 1700 pg m^–3 during CHINARE 4 and CHINARE 27, respectively. TCEP and TCPP were the predominating compounds, both over the Asian seas as well as in the polar regions, with concentrations from 19 to 2000 pg m^–3 and 22 to 620 pg m^–3, respectively. Elevated concentrations were observed in proximity to the Asian continent enhanced by continental air masses. They decreased sharply toward the open oceans where they remained relatively stable. This paper shows the first occurrence of OPs over the global oceans proving that they undergo long-range atmospheric transport over the global oceans toward the Arctic and Antarctica

Antioxidant effect on LP of different extracts of CK.

<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p

Antioxidant activities of ME and its four fractions of CK by seven methods.

<p>A. DPPH· scavenging activity assay, B. ABTS⁺· scavenging activity assay, C. ·OH scavenging activity assay, D. ·O₂⁻ scavenging activity assay, E. Cu²⁺-chelating activity assay, F. FRAP, G. Antioxidant effect on LP.</p

Effect of BF on the level of hepatic MDA and SOD activity in mice treated with CCl₄.

<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 8). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p

•O₂⁻ scavenging activity of different extracts of CK.

<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 3). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column.</p

Cytotoxicity and protective effect of BF on HepG2 cells.

<p>Each value in the table is represented as Mean ± SD (n = 5). Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different at P<0.05 probability level in each column. a. the viability after treatment with BF (25 mg/mL) was too low to be chosen for the investigation of protective effect of BF on the cells.</p

Chemical structures of 13 compounds identified from CK (Api, apiosyl; Rha, rhamnosyl; Ac, acetyl moiety).

<p>Chemical structures of 13 compounds identified from CK (Api, apiosyl; Rha, rhamnosyl; Ac, acetyl moiety).</p