Total arsenic concentrations in solutions for the limited (12 h) and extended (13 d) depuration periods after 24 h individual 10 µM arsenate and arsenite pre-exposures.

<p>(a) and (b) represent +P treatments while (c) and (d) represent −P treatments. Each point is represented as means ± SD (n = 3).</p

Changes in the normalized specific growth rate of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> after 24 h individual exposure to 10 µM As(V) and As(III) under different phosphorus treatments (+P or −P).

<p>Control: no arsenic added; As(V) −L and As(III) −L: limited depuration period after individual arsenate and arsenite pre-exposure; As(V) −E and As(III) −E: extended depuration period after individual arsenate and arsenite pre-exposure. Data are means ± SD (n = 3).</p

Fraction of arsenite in <i>M. aeruginosa</i> over the limited (12 h) and extended (13 d) depuration periods after 24 h of 10 µM individual arsenate and arsenite pre-exposure.

<p>The arsenite fraction under +P treatments is shown in (a) and (b). Correspondingly, the arsenite fraction under −P treatments is shown in (c) and (d). Data are means ± SD (n = 3).</p

Cellular partitioning in +P or −P media.

<p>Cellular partitioning in +P or −P media.</p

Dispersion and sedimentation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in freshwater algae and daphnia aquatic culture media in the presence of arsenate

<p>Little information is available on Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO₂) behavior in different culture media for aquatic organisms. This study aimed to accurately evaluate nTiO₂ dispersion and sedimentation in common freshwater algae (BG-11) and daphnia aquatic (SM7) culture media. We additionally investigated potential mechanisms of nTiO₂ stability under arsenate influence. Results showed that high ionic strength in culture media was probably a key reason for the acute nTiO₂ agglomeration found. Additionally, the hydrodynamic size of nTiO₂ suspension in the presence of arsenate was significantly larger, increasing with arsenate concentration in ultrapure water. Conversely, the hydrodynamic size in BG-11 and SM7 decreased with arsenate concentration. The nTiO₂ sedimentation rate increased significantly with arsenate concentration in ultrapure water but significantly decreased in BG-11 and SM7 culture media. Many nTiO₂ remained suspended after initial rapid sedimentation and the slight sedimentation that occurred in the subsequent 24 h, suggesting that algae and daphnia within the water column will be exposed to small nanoparticle aggregates for a long period of time. Such nTiO₂ behavior, especially in the presence of arsenate, requires more consideration than the different toxicological results reported in literature.</p

Proportional arsenic loss from <i>M. aeruginosa</i> after 24 h arsenate or arsenite exposure under the different phosphate regimes employed.

<p>Each symbol denotes arsenic concentration (from which background concentrations were subtracted) as a percentage of the intracellular concentration at 0 d (means ± SD, n = 3). Arsenic loss over a period of 13 d after a period of 24 h individual exposure to 10 µM arsenate and arsenite under +P or −P treatments is shown in (a) and (b), respectively (arsenic loss over 12 h is shown in the corresponding embedded box).</p

Changes in concentrations of different arsenic species in media during the 13 d depuration period under −P treatments after (a) arsenate or (b) arsenite pre-exposure.

<p>Each point is represented as means ± SD (n = 3).</p

BDDE restored the phosphorylation of IRβ, IRS1, PI3K and Akt in a dose-dependent manner.

<p>HepG2 cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10 μM of BDDE for the indicated times. The levels of phosphorylated and total IRβ, IRS1, PI3K and Akt were determined by western blotting analysis.</p

BDDE down regulated PTP1B expression in a dose-dependent manner.

<p>(A) The expressions of PTP1B are decreased after BDDE treatment; (B) The relative density of PTP1B to GAPDH. Data shown in the graphs are the mean ± SD values of at least three individual experiments. ## p < 0.01 versus control cells in the absence of insulin; ** p < 0.01 versus control cells in the presence of insulin.</p

Effects of BDDE on blood glucose, HbA1c levels and body weight in db/db mice.

<p>BDDE was administered orally to db/db mice once a day for 4 weeks. The blood glucose (A), HbA1c levels (B), and body weights (C) were checked at the respective time points. Data shown in the graphs are the mean ± SD values of at least three individual experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 versus controls.</p