Average salivary velocity of peri-bracket sites at T1 and T2.

<p>Occlusal regions along the bracket (BO), gingival region along the bracket (BG), left region along the bracket (BL) and right region along the bracket (BR).</p

Salivary velocity distribution on lower central incisor.

<p>The salivary velocity distribution were displayed when (a) the saliva was flowing gingivally at T1; (b) the saliva flowing occlusally at T1; (c) the saliva flowing gingivally at T2; (d) the saliva flowing occlusally at T2. The red enclosed area illustrated the low velocity areas, and the arrow indicates the direction of saliva flow.</p

The three-dimensional finite volume model of the lower central incisor with bracket and archwire.

<p>The peri-bracket sites were divided as extending 2 mm around the bracket base. Occlusal regions along the bracket (BO), gingival region along the bracket (BG), left region along the bracket (BL) and right region along the bracket (BR).</p

Image_1_Hearing Loss in Id1−/−; Id3+/− and Id1+/−; Id3−/− Mice Is Associated With a High Incidence of Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media).TIF

Inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins are crucial for inner ear development, but whether Id mutations affect middle ear function remains unknown. In this study, we obtained Id1−/−; Id3+/− mice and Id1+/−; Id3−/− mice and carefully examined their middle ear morphology and auditory function. Our study revealed a high incidence (>50%) of middle ear infection in the compound mutant mice. These mutant mice demonstrated hearing impairment starting around 30 days of age, as the mutant mice presented elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds compared to those of the littermate controls. The distortion product of otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was also used to evaluate the conductive function of the middle ear, and we found much lower DPOAE amplitudes in the mutant mice, suggesting sound transduction in the mutant middle ear is compromised. This is the first study of the middle ears of Id compound mutant mice, and high incidence of middle ear infection determined by otoscopy and histological analysis of middle ear suggests that Id1/Id3 compound mutant mice are a novel model for human otitis media (OM).</p

Nanoparticulate Cationic Poly(amino acid)s Block Cancer Metastases by Destructing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Cancer metastasis that is resistant to conventional therapies has become a major cause of patient death. Recent reports indicate that the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is closely associated with cancer distant metastases, and the cell-free DNA of NETs has been identified as the ligand of the transmembrane protein CCDC25 of cancer cells, acting as a chemokine to induce cancer cell migration to distant organs. In this work, we present the poly(aspartic acid) based-cationic materials to interfere with the interaction between NET-DNA and CCDC25, and furthermore to inhibit NET-DNA-mediated cancer cell chemotaxis and migration. Because of a stronger binding affinity to DNA and favorable retention in the liver, nanoparticulate poly(aspartic acid) derivatives (cANP) efficiently reduce the level of hepatic NET-DNA infiltration, leading to a significant suppression of cancer metastases in mice and several human metastatic models. Moreover, the cANP exhibits no toxicity to organs of animals during the entire treatment. Thus, this work suggests a strategy for controlling cancer metastases, which will benefit patients in clinics

Nanoparticulate Cationic Poly(amino acid)s Block Cancer Metastases by Destructing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Cancer metastasis that is resistant to conventional therapies has become a major cause of patient death. Recent reports indicate that the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is closely associated with cancer distant metastases, and the cell-free DNA of NETs has been identified as the ligand of the transmembrane protein CCDC25 of cancer cells, acting as a chemokine to induce cancer cell migration to distant organs. In this work, we present the poly(aspartic acid) based-cationic materials to interfere with the interaction between NET-DNA and CCDC25, and furthermore to inhibit NET-DNA-mediated cancer cell chemotaxis and migration. Because of a stronger binding affinity to DNA and favorable retention in the liver, nanoparticulate poly(aspartic acid) derivatives (cANP) efficiently reduce the level of hepatic NET-DNA infiltration, leading to a significant suppression of cancer metastases in mice and several human metastatic models. Moreover, the cANP exhibits no toxicity to organs of animals during the entire treatment. Thus, this work suggests a strategy for controlling cancer metastases, which will benefit patients in clinics

Nanoparticulate Cationic Poly(amino acid)s Block Cancer Metastases by Destructing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Cancer metastasis that is resistant to conventional therapies has become a major cause of patient death. Recent reports indicate that the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is closely associated with cancer distant metastases, and the cell-free DNA of NETs has been identified as the ligand of the transmembrane protein CCDC25 of cancer cells, acting as a chemokine to induce cancer cell migration to distant organs. In this work, we present the poly(aspartic acid) based-cationic materials to interfere with the interaction between NET-DNA and CCDC25, and furthermore to inhibit NET-DNA-mediated cancer cell chemotaxis and migration. Because of a stronger binding affinity to DNA and favorable retention in the liver, nanoparticulate poly(aspartic acid) derivatives (cANP) efficiently reduce the level of hepatic NET-DNA infiltration, leading to a significant suppression of cancer metastases in mice and several human metastatic models. Moreover, the cANP exhibits no toxicity to organs of animals during the entire treatment. Thus, this work suggests a strategy for controlling cancer metastases, which will benefit patients in clinics

Amount of total bacteria colony-forming units (CFU) per site at T1 and T2.

<p>The first part displays the averages per site, the second part the differences between the sites with the corresponding <i>P</i>-values.</p

Salivary velocity contour on lower central incisor.

<p>The salivary velocity contour were displayed when (a) the saliva flowed gingivally at T1; (b) the saliva flowed occlusally at T1; (c) the saliva flowed gingivally at T2; (d) the saliva flowed occlusally at T2. The bottom figures demonstrated the routes of salivary flow in the gingival region along the bracket (BG). The red enclosed area illustrated the vortex areas, and the arrow indicated the direction of saliva flow.</p

Longitudinal changes in periodontal measurements of bonded teeth.

<p>Longitudinal changes in periodontal measurements of bonded teeth.</p