Average accuracies of different methods on four datasets.

<p>Average accuracies of different methods on four datasets.</p

Characteristics of the participants aged 20 years or above in NHANES 1999–2010, by FINDRISC group.^*

<p>Data are means (SD) except where noted otherwise.</p>*<p>FINDRISC group:  = 1 if score<7,  = 2 if score 7–11,  = 3 if score 12–14,  = 4 if score 15–20,  = 5 if score >20;</p>†<p>Other race, including multiracial;</p>‡<p>The participants select the annual household income as over $20,000;</p>§<p>Fasting plasma glucose.</p

Flow diagram of studies assessed and included.

<p>Flow diagram of studies assessed and included.</p

Additional file 1 of Associations of walking impairment with visual impairment, depression, and cognitive function in U.S. older adults: NHANES 2013–2014

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Adjusted associations of walking impairment with cognitive function, depression and visual impairment by gender

Forest plot of relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between glycosylated hemoglobin and the main study outcomes risks in type 2 diabetes.

<p>CVD: cadiovascular diseases; CHD: conoary heart disease; PAD: peripheral arterial disease.</p

Hazard ratios for cardiovascular outcomes risks according to glycosylated hemoglobin by different categories (shown by the first author and year of publication).^*

*<p>CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; OR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p

Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Relationship to Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes increases the risk of microvascular events. However, there is continuing uncertainty about its effect on macrovascular outcomes and death. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to estimate the association of glycosylated hemoglobin level with the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We systematically searched the MEDLINE database through April 2011 by using Medical Subject Heading search terms and a standardized protocol. We included prospective cohort studies that reported data of glycosylated hemoglobin level on the risk of incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Relative risk estimates (continuous and categorical variables) were derived or abstracted from each cohort study. Twenty six studies were included in this analysis with a mean follow-up rang of 2.2–16 years. The pooled relative risk associated with a 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin level among patients with type 2 diabetes was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.20) for all-cause mortality, 1.17 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.23) for cardiovascular disease, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.20) for coronary heart disease, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.18) for heart failure, 1.11 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.17) for stroke, and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.18 to 1.40) for peripheral arterial disease, respectively. In addition, a positive dose-response trend existed between glycosylated hemoglobin level and cardiovascular outcomes.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes, likely independently from other conventional risk factors.</p> </div

Design Characteristics of Prospective cohort Studies of Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Cardiovascular Outcomes and All-cause Mortality, 1974–2011<b>.</b>^*

*<p>CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure.</p

Glucose status at different values of FINDRISC, NHANES 2005–2010.

<p>Glucose status at different values of FINDRISC, NHANES 2005–2010.</p

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for identifying undiagnosed diabetes (A and B) and prediabetes (C and D) by gender and race/ethnicity in US men and women aged 20 years or above, NHANES 1999–2010.

<p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for identifying undiagnosed diabetes (A and B) and prediabetes (C and D) by gender and race/ethnicity in US men and women aged 20 years or above, NHANES 1999–2010.</p