Comparisons of comorbidity rate of SRBD, PLMS, and RBD like symptoms and findings of RWA.

<p>NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; OAHI, obstructive apnea hypopnea index; CSA, central sleep apnea; CAHI, central apnea hypopnea index; PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; REM, rapid eye movement; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder; RWA, REM sleep without atonia.</p><p>^a) abnormal REM sleep behaviors on nocturnal video-polysomnography and findings of RWA</p><p>Values are expressed as number of patients (%).</p><p>* <i>P</i>< .01 compared to values in the other groups</p><p>Comparisons of comorbidity rate of SRBD, PLMS, and RBD like symptoms and findings of RWA.</p

Summary of self-reported measures of insomnia severity and sleep beliefs.

<p><i>Note</i>. AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; DBAS = Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale; SE = standard error; 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Clinical data and measures of nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test of the three patient groups.

<p>NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; BMI, body mass index; n-PSG, nocturnal polysomnography; REM, rapid eye movement; SOREMP, sleep onset REM sleep period; MSLT, multiple sleep latency test; n.s., not significant. ES, effect size.</p><p>Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation.</p><p>Percentage of naps with SOREMP was calculated as follows; (the number of naps with SOREMP)/(the number of total naps)*100.</p><p>*Effect size was estimated by Cramer’s V for 2*3 Chi-square test and r for Kruskal-Wallis test (> = 0.10, small effect; > = 0.30, medium effect; > = 0.50, large effect).</p><p>^a) P< .01 versus NA w/o CA,</p><p>^b) P< .01 versus IHS w/o LST.</p><p>Clinical data and measures of nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test of the three patient groups.</p

Comparisons of AHI, PLMS index and amount of RWA among the three patient groups.

<p>AHI, apnea hypopnea index; PLMS, periodic limb movements during sleep; RWA, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia; NA, narcolepsy; CA, cataplexy; IHS w/o LST, idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time; NREM, non-REM; EMG, electromyogram.</p

Summary of path analyses.

<p><i>Note</i>. AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; M = Model; <i>p</i> (<i>ΔR²</i>) = significance of change;</p>a<p>indicates difference between DBAS scores at baseline and at the end of treatment;</p>b<p>analysis of variance for Model 3 showed that multiple <i>R</i> was 0.57, multiple <i>R²</i> (adj.) was 0.30, and <i>F</i> ratio was 12.00 (<i>df₁</i> = 2, <i>df₂</i> = 50, <i>p</i> = 0.00).</p

Correlations between self-reported measures.

<p><i>Note</i>. AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; DBAS = Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale; Pre = at baseline; Post = at the end of treatment;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01,</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Two alternate path models.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0102565#pone-0102565-g001" target="_blank"><i>Figure 1</i></a>. Two alternative path models, with severity of insomnia at baseline as the predictive variable of severity (of insomnia) at the end of treatment: a direct model, in which AIS-T1 has a direct effect on AIS-T2; and a mediated model, in which the effects of AIS-T1 on AIS-T2 are exerted via a change in dysfunctional sleep-related beliefs. Standardized regression coefficients (β) are listed for each path. The paths expressed with solid arrows are statistically significant (<i>p</i><0.01), and those expressed with dashed arrows are not significant. AIS-T1 = Athens Insomnia Scale scores at baseline; AIS-T2 = Athens Insomnia Scale scores at the end of the treatment.</p

Additional file 1 of Sleep–wake rhythm and its association with lifestyle, health-related quality of life and academic performance among Japanese nursing students: a cross-sectional study

Additional file 1. STROBE checklis

Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.

<p>Values are expressed as means ±SD. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of continuous variables between the 2 groups as follows: age, duration of insomnia morbidity, dose of hypnotics, and SDS and PSQI scores. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables between the 2 groups as follows: sex, marital status, educational background, occupation, and half-life of hypnotic.</p><p>ns =  not significant; SDS =  Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.</p

Additional file 2 of Sleep–wake rhythm and its association with lifestyle, health-related quality of life and academic performance among Japanese nursing students: a cross-sectional study

Additional file 2. Questionnair