Treatment of Volatile Compounds from Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolysis to Obtain High Quality Syngas: Effect of Various Scrubbing Devices

Volatile compounds produced from pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) are treated in a scrubbing system, which includes a hot char filter, a condenser cooled with ice water, a cooking oil scrubber, and a Na₂CO₃ solution scrubber, aimed at obtaining high quality syngas. The performances of each treatment device are evaluated at a laboratory scale. The results indicate that hot char filtration is able to capture 71% of particulates and 32% of the tar, and, thanks to its catalytic activity, syngas yield increased significantly from 0.21 to 0.39 m³_N/kg_MSW, and the molar percentage of combustible fractions in the syngas increased by 35%. The condenser can capture 90%, 85%, 87%, and 90% of evaporated Na, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively; 50% of particulates and 98% of the tar in the syngas. The cooking oil scrubber collected a major portion of tar, with 144 mg/m³_N remaining in the syngas after scrubbing, and the dew point of the tar decreased below 50 °C. The scrubber filled with Na₂CO₃ solution of 5 wt% running at 70 °C and liquid/gas (L/G) ratio of 6 reduced the concentrations of tar and H₂S in syngas to 38.5 mg/m³_N and 16 ppm, respectively. Consequently, the tar dew point decreased to a level of about 25–30 °C, then acceptable for downstream applications, such as feeding of a gas engine. The results provide detailed information on the cleaning effects of various syngas cleaning units, their reciprocal influence and contributions to the total removal efficiency, which helps in choosing suitable options for volatile treatment to obtain high quality syngas from MSW pyrolysis

<i>In Situ</i> Reforming of the Volatile by Char during Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis

In this study, the volatile from sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis is passed through the hot char from the same source in a fixed bed reactor. The reforming effect of the sewage sludge char (SSC) on the quality and energy distribution of liquid and gas products is studied. In comparison to dolomite, SSC presents a better tar-eliminating effect from 450 to 650 °C. The production of combustible products, including CH₄, H₂, and CO, is significantly increased by both the catalytic cracking on the SSC surface and the volatile–char reaction. After the reforming effect at the pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C, the gas yield is increased from 17.19 to 34.27 wt % and the fraction of combustible components is increased by 54.28 vol %. The quality of the oil is also upgraded by reforming of SSC, with the escalation of the light components, and nitrogen-containing and oxygenated fractions are greatly reduced. When the pyrolysis temperature is fixed at 650 °C and the reforming temperature is increased from 450 to 650 °C, the liquid yield is decreased from 18.76 to 10.67 wt %. In addition, the combustible fraction in the gaseous product is greatly increased. The calculation of the energy distribution indicates that, via the reforming process, a lot more heating value will concentrate on the gas product and the overall high heat value of the pyrolysis volatile and SSC will be significantly promoted

Additional file 1 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Design the articles based on Haddon model and beliefs the parents needed

Additional file 3 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 3: Figure S3. Screenshots of parents and doctorscommunicating with each other in the WeChat group

Additional file 7 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 7: Table S4. Theeffectiveness of primary and secondary outcome within each group

Additional file 4 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 4: Table S1. Theclassification and focus of the 30 articles

Additional file 5 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 5: Table S2. The details of questionnaire

Additional file 6 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 6: Table S3. Acceptance of WeChat among intervention group and control group

Additional file 2 of Effectiveness of WeChat-group-based parental health education in preventing unintentional injuries among children aged 0–3: randomized controlled trial in Shanghai

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Articles uploaded to the WeChat officialaccount