Freezing Delay of a Drop Impacting on a Monolayer of Cold Grains

We investigate a subfreezing droplet impact scenario in a low-humidity environment, where the target is a cold granular monolayer. When the undercooling degree of targets passes a threshold, such a granular layer effectively postpones the bulk freezing time of the droplet in comparison with the impact on the bare substrate underneath. In this case, the retraction of the droplet after impact reduces the contact area with the cold substrate, even though both the grains and the substrate are wettable to the liquid. We find that the significant changes in the dynamic behavior are triggered by freezing the liquid that wets the pores. Owing to the small dimension of the pores, the freezing process is rapid enough to match the dynamics over the droplet dimension. In certain circumstances, the rapid freezing may even stop liquid penetration and shed icing from the surface underneath

Freezing Delay of a Drop Impacting on a Monolayer of Cold Grains

We investigate a subfreezing droplet impact scenario in a low-humidity environment, where the target is a cold granular monolayer. When the undercooling degree of targets passes a threshold, such a granular layer effectively postpones the bulk freezing time of the droplet in comparison with the impact on the bare substrate underneath. In this case, the retraction of the droplet after impact reduces the contact area with the cold substrate, even though both the grains and the substrate are wettable to the liquid. We find that the significant changes in the dynamic behavior are triggered by freezing the liquid that wets the pores. Owing to the small dimension of the pores, the freezing process is rapid enough to match the dynamics over the droplet dimension. In certain circumstances, the rapid freezing may even stop liquid penetration and shed icing from the surface underneath

Palladium-Catalyzed Thiocarbonylation of Aryl Iodides Using CO₂

The first example of catalytic thiocarbonylation of aryl iodides using CO2 has been achieved employing a combination of PdCl2 and carbazole-derived phosphine ligands. Under mild conditions, a broad scope of aryl iodides were converted to the desired thioester products in the presence of aryl or alkyl thiols (33 examples, up to 96% yields). The choice of metal, ligands, and reductant were crucial for high efficiency and chemoselectivity. Moreover, this strategy provided an effective method for the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules

Genome statistics of <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3.

Genome statistics of A. pasteurianus Ab3.</p

Comparison of sequenced genomes of <i>Acetobacter</i> strains.

<p>Comparison of sequenced genomes of <i>Acetobacter</i> strains.</p

The genes encoding TCS in the genome sequence of <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3.

<p>The genes encoding TCS in the genome sequence of <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3.</p

The putative TA system superfamily in the chromosome of acetic acid bacteria.

<p>The putative TA system superfamily in the chromosome of acetic acid bacteria.</p

Comparative genomic analysis between <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3 and other strains belonging to acetic acid bacteria.

<p>A: alignment of the genomes from <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3 and 386B using MAUVE. The identically colored boxes, known as locally collinear blocks, represent homologous regions in the two sequences. The vertical lines connect the LCBs point with homologous regions between the two-genome sequences. The numbers represent the position of nucleotides. B: whole genome alignment among strain Ab3 and other strains belonging to genus <i>Gluconobacter</i> and <i>Komagataeibacter</i> using the Ab3 genome as the reference. Ab3: <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3; 386B: <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> 386B; 3283–01: <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> IFO 3283–01; 3283–03: <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> IFO 3283–03; E25: <i>K</i>. <i>xylinus</i> E25; 621H: <i>G</i>. <i>oxydans</i> 621H.</p

Comparative Genomics of <i>Acetobacterpasteurianus</i> Ab3, an Acetic Acid Producing Strain Isolated from Chinese Traditional Rice Vinegar Meiguichu

<div><p><i>Acetobacter pasteurianus</i>, an acetic acid resistant bacterium belonging to alpha-proteobacteria, has been widely used to produce vinegar in the food industry. To understand the mechanism of its high tolerance to acetic acid and robust ability of oxidizing ethanol to acetic acid (> 12%, w/v), we described the 3.1 Mb complete genome sequence (including 0.28 M plasmid sequence) with a G+C content of 52.4% of <i><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.10550" target="_blank">A. pasteurianus</a></i> Ab3, which was isolated from the traditional Chinese rice vinegar (Meiguichu) fermentation process. Automatic annotation of the complete genome revealed 2,786 protein-coding genes and 73 RNA genes. The comparative genome analysis among <i><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.10550" target="_blank">A. pasteurianus</a></i> strains revealed that <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3 possesses many unique genes potentially involved in acetic acid resistance mechanisms. In particular, two-component systems or toxin-antitoxin systems may be the signal pathway and modulatory network in <i><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.10550" target="_blank">A. pasteurianus</a></i> to cope with acid stress. In addition, the large numbers of unique transport systems may also be related to its acid resistance capacity and cell fitness. Our results provide new clues to understanding the underlying mechanisms of acetic acid resistance in <i>Acetobacter</i> species and guiding industrial strain breeding for vinegar fermentation processes.</p></div

The analysis of transporters in the genome of <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3 compared with <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> 386B.

<p>The analysis of transporters in the genome of <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> Ab3 compared with <i>A</i>. <i>pasteurianus</i> 386B.</p