Electronic Structure and Site Occupancy of Lanthanide-Doped (Sr, Ca)₃(Y, Lu)₂Ge₃O₁₂ Garnets: A Spectroscopic and First-Principles Study

Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and emission spectra (PL) of undoped (Sr, Ca)₃(Y, Lu)₂Ge₃O₁₂ as well as Eu³⁺- and Ce³⁺-doped samples have been investigated. The PL spectra show that Eu³⁺ enters into both dodecahedral (Ca, Sr) and octahedral (Y, Lu) sites. Ce³⁺ gives two broad excitation bands in the range of 200–450 nm. First-principle calculations for Ce³⁺ on both dodecahedral and octahedral sites provide sets of 5d excited level energies that are consistent with the experimental results. Then the vacuum referred binding energy diagrams for (Sr, Ca)₃(Y, Lu)₂Ge₃O₁₂ have been constructed with the lanthanide dopant energy levels by utilizing spectroscopic data. The Ce³⁺ 5d excited states are calculated by first-principles calculations. Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of (Ce³⁺, Sm³⁺)-codoped (Sr, Ca)₃(Y, Lu)₂Ge₃O₁₂ samples show a good agreement with the prediction of lanthanide trapping depths derived from the energy level diagram. Finally, the energy level diagram is used to explain the low thermal quenching temperature of Ce³⁺ and the absence of afterglow in (Sr, Ca)₃(Y, Lu)₂Ge₃O₁₂

Sex distribution of the confirmed total (n = 641) and childhood (n = 41) avian influenza A(H7N9) cases and of the global total (n = 440) and childhood (n = 244) confirmed H5N1 cases.

<p>Notes: Fig 4a: H7N9 total cases; Fig 4b: H7N9 childhood cases; Fig 4c: H5N1 total cases; Fig 4d: H5N1 childhood cases.</p

Monthly distribution curve of confirmed avian influenza A(H5N1) cases in the overall global population and in children between 2006 and June 13, 2016.

<p>Notes: Fig 2a: Total cases (N = 440); Fig 2b: Childhood cases (N = 244).</p

Age distribution for the total and childhood cases of infection with avian influenza H7N9 and H5N1 viruses.

<p>Notes: Fig 3a: H7N9 total cases (n = 575); Fig 3b: H5N1 total cases (n = 423); Fig 3c: H7N9 childhood cases; Fig 3d: H5N1 childhood cases.</p

Monthly distribution curve for the total confirmed cases and childhood cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) between February 18, 2013, and June 13, 2016.

<p>Notes: Fig 1a: Total cases (N = 655); Fig 1b: Childhood cases (N = 41).</p

Domain analysis of soybean PLCs.

<p>Domain analysis of soybean PLCs.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the PLC family in soybean, Arabidopsis and rice.

<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the PLC family in soybean, Arabidopsis and rice.</p

Expression of soybean <i>PLCs</i> in leaves under abiotic stress.

<p>The expression levels of soybean <i>PLCs</i>, which were shown in Y-axis, were compared with the control (0 h). Please note that the expression levels of different PLCs are scaled differently.</p

<i>Cis</i>-regulatory elements in the promoters of the soybean PLC gene family.

<p>The values of -900 to -100 represent the upstream region (from translation start site) of the promoter of all the PLC genes. Various elements such as ABRE, MBS, TC-rich, Skn-1 and GCN4 are present in the promoter.</p

List of 12 PLC genes identified in soybean.

<p>List of 12 PLC genes identified in soybean.</p