Additive Fabrication of Conductive Patterns by a Template Transfer Process Based on Benzotriazole Adsorption As a Separation Layer

The traditional subtractive process to fabricate conductive patterns is environmentally harmful, wasteful, and limited in line width. The additive process, including direct printing of conductive paste or ink, direct printing of catalytic ink, laser-induced forward transfer, etc., can solve these problems. However, the current additive process also faces many difficulties such as low electrical and adhesion properties, low pattern thickness, high cost, etc. Benzotriazole (BTA), as widely used corrosion inhibitor, can be adsorbed onto a copper surface. The electroplated copper film on BTA-adsorbed copper foil shows poor adhesion. On the basis of this phenomenon, a novel template transfer process to additively fabricate conductive patterns has been developed. A permeant antiadhesive mask is printed on carrier copper foil, and then, BTA is adsorbed onto the exposed area of the carrier foil, thus forming the template. The template is electroplated to grow conductive patterns in the exposed parts, and then can be adhered to the flexible substrate. The substrate is peeled off, with the transfer of the conductive patterns to the substrate, to form the designed conductive patterns on PET. By reimmersing the template into BTA solution, the template can be used again. The mechanism of BTA adsorption and the reason for the low peeling strength are researched using Raman spectra, XPS and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Copper patterns more than 20 μm in thickness can be prepared on PET, the resistivity of the prepared copper patterns is 2.01 μΩ cm, which is about the same as bulk copper, and the peeling strength of the pattern on PET is measured to be 6.97 N/cm. This template transfer process, with no waste, low pollution, high electrical and adhesion properties, and low cost, shows high potential in the large scale manufacturing of electronic devices, such as RFID circuitry, FPCs, etc

Additional file 1 of Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive syndrome with liver abscess and purulent meningitis presenting as acute hemiplegia: a case report

Supplementary Material

Prospects for Three-Electron Donor Boronyl (BO) Ligands and Dioxodiborene (B₂O₂) Ligands as Bridging Groups in Binuclear Iron Carbonyl Derivatives

Recent experimental work (2010) on (Cy₃P)₂Pt­(BO)Br indicates that the oxygen atom of the boronyl (BO) ligand is more basic than that in the ubiquitous CO ligand. This suggests that bridging BO ligands in unsaturated binuclear metal carbonyl derivatives should readily function as three-electron donor bridging ligands involving both the oxygen and the boron atoms. In this connection, density functional theory shows that three of the four lowest energy singlet Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)₇ structures have such a bridging η²-μ-BO group as well as a formal Fe–Fe single bond. In addition, all four of the lowest energy singlet Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)₆ structures have two bridging η²-μ-BO groups and formal Fe–Fe single bonds. Other Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)_<i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = 7, 6) structures are found in which the two BO groups have coupled to form a bridging dioxodiborene (B₂O₂) ligand with B–B bonding distances of ∼1.84 Å. All of these Fe₂(μ-B₂O₂)­(CO)_<i>n</i> structures have long Fe···Fe distances indicating a lack of direct iron–iron bonding. One of the singlet Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)₇ structures has such a bridging dioxodiborene ligand with cis stereochemistry functioning as a six-electron donor to the pair of iron atoms. In addition, the lowest energy triplet structures for both Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)₇ and Fe₂(BO)₂(CO)₆ have bridging dioxodiborene ligands with trans stereochemistry functioning as a four-electron donor to the pair of iron atoms

Major Differences between the Binuclear Manganese Boronyl Carbonyl Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ and Its Isoelectronic Chromium Carbonyl Analogue Cr₂(CO)₁₁

The lowest energy structures of the manganese boronyl carbonyl Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ by more than 8 kcal/mol are found to have a single end-to-end bridging BO group bonding to one manganese atom through its boron atom and to the other manganese atom through its oxygen atom. The long Mn···Mn distances in these structures indicate the lack of direct manganese–manganese bonding as confirmed by essentially zero Wiberg bond indices. These Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ structures are favored thermochemically by more than 25 kcal/mol over dissociation into mononuclear fragments and thus appear to be viable synthetic objectives. This contrasts with the isoelectronic Cr₂(CO)₁₁ system, which is predicted to be disfavored relative to the mononuclear fragments Cr­(CO)₆ + Cr­(CO)₅. Analogous Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ structures with an end-to-end bridging CO group lie ∼17 kcal/mol in energy above the corresponding structures with end-to-end bridging BO groups. The lowest energy Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ structures without an end-to-end bridging BO group provide unprecedented examples of the coupling of two terminal BO groups to form a terminal dioxodiborene (B₂O₂) ligand with a B–B distance of ∼1.9 Å. Still higher energy Mn₂(BO)₂(CO)₉ structures include singly bridged and doubly semibridged structures analogous to the previously optimized lowest energy Cr₂(CO)₁₁ structures

Predicting Impacts of Climate Change on the Aboveground Carbon Sequestration Rate of a Temperate Forest in Northeastern China

<div><p>The aboveground carbon sequestration rate (ACSR) reflects the influence of climate change on forest dynamics. To reveal the long-term effects of climate change on forest succession and carbon sequestration, a forest landscape succession and disturbance model (LANDIS Pro7.0) was used to simulate the ACSR of a temperate forest at the community and species levels in northeastern China based on both current and predicted climatic data. On the community level, the ACSR of mixed Korean pine hardwood forests and mixed larch hardwood forests, fluctuated during the entire simulation, while a large decline of ACSR emerged in interim of simulation in spruce-fir forest and aspen-white birch forests, respectively. On the species level, the ACSR of all conifers declined greatly around 2070s except for Korean pine. The ACSR of dominant hardwoods in the Lesser Khingan Mountains area, such as Manchurian ash, Amur cork, black elm, and ribbed birch fluctuated with broad ranges, respectively. Pioneer species experienced a sharp decline around 2080s, and they would finally disappear in the simulation. The differences of the ACSR among various climates were mainly identified in mixed Korean pine hardwood forests, in all conifers, and in a few hardwoods in the last quarter of simulation. These results indicate that climate warming can influence the ACSR in the Lesser Khingan Mountains area, and the largest impact commonly emerged in the A2 scenario. The ACSR of coniferous species experienced higher impact by climate change than that of deciduous species.</p></div

Fabrication of Copper Patterns on Flexible Substrate by Patterning–Adsorption–Plating Process

A novel patterning–adsorption–plating process to additively fabricate copper patterns is developed. Functional ink with ion-adsorption nanoparticles was inkjet printed on PET substrate to form the patterned adsorption film. Catalytic ion was adsorbed by amino groups in the adsorption film, and catalyzed the electroless plating of copper. The mercapto groups introduced to the film enhance the reliability of the patterns. Specific solvent used in the ink increase the surface roughness of the adsorption film, leading to a better adhesion of the patterns. The prepared copper patterns show excellent conductivity about the same with bulk copper and good adhesion on PET

A Multistate Non-Volatile Photoelectronic Memory Device Based on Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction with Modulable Visible Light Photoresponse

Recently, certain ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) exhibit non-volatile modulations on photoresponse as well as tunneling electroresistance (TER) effects related to ferroelectric polarization states. From the opposite perspective, the corresponding polarization states can be read by detecting the levels of the photocurrent. In this study, we fabricate a novel amorphous selenium (a-Se)/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT)/Nb-doped SrTiO3 (NSTO) heterojunction, which exhibits a high TER of 3 × 106. Unlike perovskite oxide FTJs with a limited ultraviolet response, the introduction of a narrow bandgap semiconductor (a-Se) enables self-powered photoresponse within the visible light range. The self-powered photoresponse characteristics can be significantly modulated by ferroelectric polarization. The photocurrent after writing polarization voltages of +4 and −5 V exhibits a 1200% increase. Furthermore, the photocurrent could be clearly distinguished after writing stepwise polarization voltages, and then a multistate information storage is designed with nondestructive readout capacity under light illumination. This work holds great significance in advancing the development of ferroelectric multistate photoelectronic memories with high storage density and expanding the design possibilities for FTJs

The spatial distribution of forest total biomass under different climates.

<p>CC: Current climate, B1S: B1 scenario, A1B: A1B scenario, A2: A2 scenario. Unit: t ha⁻¹.</p

ANOVA results of differences among various climate scenarios effect on forest aboveground carbon sequestration rate.

<p>df = 4; Bold P values mean the effect of treatment is significant (α = 0.05).</p

Species vital attributes in the Lesser Khingan mountains area, Northeastern China.

<p>LONG: longevity (years); MTR: age of maturity (years); ST: shade tolerance (1–5); FT: fire tolerance (1–5); ESD: effective seeding distance (m); MSD: maximum seeding distance (m); VP: vegetative production probability (0–1); MVP: minimum age of vegetative reproduction (years); MD: maximum diameter at breast height (cm); CCC: carbon content coefficient (0–1).</p