Distribution of hospitalization cost for all, first-ever, and recurrent ischemic stroke patients.

<p>The numbers in the bar graph indicate mean hospitalization cost in each category.</p

Cost distribution of imaging study for all, first-ever, and recurrent ischemic stroke patients.

<p>The numbers in the bar graph indicate mean hospitalization cost in each subcategory.</p

Multiple regression models: impact of recurrence on the total and subcategories of hospitalization cost.

<p>*<i>P</i><0.05, ^†<i>P</i><0.01, ^‡<i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>TIA, transient ischemic attack; DM, diabetes mellitus; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; ref, reference; SVO, small vessel occlusion; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; CE, cardioembolism; OD, other determined etiology; UD, undetermined etiology; OPD, outpatient department; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.</p

Total, daily, and itemized hospitalization cost of first-ever and recurrent ischemic stroke patients (US dollar).

<p>SE, standard error; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.</p

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients.

<p>NHI, National Health Insurance; TIA, transient ischemic attack; DM, diabetes mellitus; ER, emergency room; OPD, outpatient department; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment; LAA, large artery atherosclerosis; SVO, small vessel occlusion; CE, cardioembolism; OD, other determined etiology; UD, undetermined etiology; rtPA, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; SE, standard error</p

Summary of cross-lagged panel model.

<p>Note: Model parameters were adjusted for gender and age, education level, employment status, and income at 2006;</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05,</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01,</p><p>***<i>p</i><0.001.</p><p>CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BMI: body mass index; SE: standard error; OR, odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>a<p>Multinomial logistic regression results were reported.</p><p>Summary of cross-lagged panel model.</p

Body Mass Index and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis - Figure 1

<p>Cross-lagged panel model of depressive symptoms and obesity status.</p

Body Mass Index and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>There are conflicting results about the association between body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms in older adults. The present study examined the relationship between weight and depressive symptoms over time in older adults in South Korea.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We used data from three waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging and ran a series of cross-lagged panel models to test the reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and obesity in older Korean adults. We assumed a temporally stable relationship between depressive symptoms and obesity and, thus imposed equality constraints over time.</p><p>Results</p><p>After controlling for the effect of depressive symptoms two years prior, underweight older adults had a higher depressive symptom score than those of normal weight. When controlling for obesity status from two years prior, older adults with higher levels of depressive symptoms were more likely to be underweight and less likely to be overweight than normal weight. The same patterns were observed in data from 2006 to 2008 and from 2008 to 2010.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>These results show that there is a correlation between depressive symptoms and weight status. In middle-aged and elderly Asian populations, depression can lead to weight loss rather than obesity, and underweight may develop depressive symptoms.</p></div

Analysis of traditional Korean outpatient service utilization by musculoskeletal patients using a two-part model.

<p>OR, odds ratio; NHI, national health insurance; PHI, private health insurance.</p

General characteristics of the research subjects.

<p>TKM, traditional Korean medicine; NHI, national health insurance; PHI, private health insurance; SD, standard deviation.</p