Feature integration effects.

<p>Mean reaction times (RTs) and mean error rates as a function of the repetition versus alternation of response key/graphic shape and Stroop stimulus congruency level.</p

Radical Ion Probes. 6. Origin of the High Intrinsic Barrier to Nucleophile-Induced Ring Opening of Arylcyclopropane Radical Cations

Radical cations generated from 1-cyclopropylnaphthalene (1), 1-bromo-4-cyclopropylnaphthalene (2), and 2-cyclopropylnaphthalene (3) were studied electrochemically. Oxidation of all these substrates in CH3CN in the presence of CH3OH leads to cyclopropane ring-opened products, i.e., the corresponding (1,3-dimethoxypropyl)naphthalenes. However, the rate constant for methanol-induced ring opening (Ar-c-C3H5•+ + CH3OH → ArCH(•)CH2CH2O(H+)CH3) is extremely small (-1 s-1 for the α-cyclopropylnaphthalenes) despite the fact that ring opening is exothermic by nearly 30 kcal/mol. These results are explained on the basis of a product-like transition state for ring opening wherein the positive charge is localized on the cyclopropyl group, and thus unable to benefit from potential stabilization offered by the aromatic ring

Congruency sequence effects.

<p>Mean reaction times (RTs) and mean error rates for congruent and incongruent trials in the present trial (N) depending on the congruency of the previous trial (N−1).</p

raw_data – Supplemental material for The internal temporal dynamic of unconscious inhibition related to weak stimulus–response associations

raw_data for The internal temporal dynamic of unconscious inhibition related to weak stimulus–response associations by Yongchun Wang, Zhao Yao and Yonghui Wang in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p

<i>Crypto</i>Cope Rearrangement of 1,3-Dicyano-5-phenyl-<i>4</i>,<i>4</i>-<i>d</i>₂-hexa-2,5-diene. Chameleonic or Centauric?

The “centauric” model for evaluation of the effect of radical-stabilizing perturbations on the Cope rearrangement conjectures independent action of substituents that make conflicting electronic demands on the two halves of the transition region. The present test of this conjecture compares 1,3-dicyano-[5-protio]-hexa-1,5-diene (1(H)) and 2-phenylhexa-1,5-diene, with 1,3-dicyano-5-phenylhexa-1,5-diene (1(Ph)). Thermochemical information required for a proper comparison includes new data of the van't Hoff type on conjugative interaction of cyano with the carbon−carbon double bond, reevaluation of the radical-stabilizing potential of the cyano group on secondary and allyl radicals, comparison with the (reevaluated) stabilizing effect of cyano in “nodal” positions of the Cope transition region, and determination of the enthalpy and entropy of activation of the cryptoCope rearrangement of otherwise Cope-incompetent, thermodynamically more stable hexa-2,5-dienes related by prototropy to the Cope-competent hexa-1,5-dienes above. The “chameleonic” model is concluded to be unsatisfactory, while the “centauric” is in better, if not complete, accord with experiment

Perturbation of Cope's Rearrangement: 1,3,5-Triphenylhexa-l,5-diene. Chameleonic or Centauric Transition Region?

Two types of perturbations of Cope's rearrangement are distinguished by their occupancy of sets of four “active” and two “nodal” positions. A “chameleonic” model of a continuum of chair-like transition regions is defined as extending from two noninteracting allyl radicals at one extreme to cyclohexa-1,4-diyl diradical at the other. Perturbations are analyzed quantitatively in terms of obligatory corrections for conjugative interaction in the educt, and a model of the transition region that specifies transference of stabilization energies of the perturbing substituents on allyl radicals if occupying active positions, and on secondary radicals if occupying nodal positions. When this model is applied to the chameleonic 2,5- (nodal) and 1,4- (active) diphenylhexa-l,5-dienes, good agreement with empirical lowering of enthalpies of activation per phenyl group of −8.7 and −4.4 kcal mol-1, respectively, is obtained. In a perturbation of mixed type, 1,3,5-triphenylhexa-1,5-diene (1,3-diphenyl-active; 5-phenyl-nodal), a novel question is addressed:  Will the stronger of the two types alone prevail (transition region remaining chameleonic), or will the stabilizing capacity of both be realized (centauric domain)? The result is close to, but perhaps somewhat shy of, the full additivity expected of the centauric model

Fiber-Supported Biocidal Porous Organic Polymer with High-Density <i>N</i>‑Halamine Structures for Chlorine Rechargeable Water Disinfection

Disinfecting pathogenic microorganisms in water streams efficiently and massively is still a big challenge in point-of-use situations. Nowadays, available technologies are still suffering from irreversible consumption of disinfectants, production of carcinogenic byproducts, and high filtration resistance. Herein, we designed a chlorine rechargeable fiber-supported biocidal porous organic polymer (i.e., FPOP) according to a surface-activated in situ condensation methodology on cotton fibers. The presence of secondary amines in the FPOP enables it to be chlorinated to form N-halamine structures after treating it with a diluted chlorine bleach solution, allowing the FPOP to perform a potentially rapid and robust biocidal activity. The chlorinated FPOP, which possessed the combination of interfiber macropores and intrinsic meso/micropores from the porous organic polymer, showed a high specific surface area, large and rechargeable active chlorine content (∼7000 ppm), long-term stability, efficient biocidal activity (>99.9999% bacteria reduction within 1 min of contact), and desirable filtration flux (>2000 L/m2 h). The successful fabrication of FPOP indicated the promise of applying it as a filtration material for point-of-use water disinfection with superior killing capacity, high filtration flux, and low cost

Supplementary document for Resolution Improvement of Photothermal Microscopy by Modulated Difference Method - 6304304.pdf

doughnut beam polarization, MD-PTM image simulation, PCNN parameters and gamma chosen procedur

Core permeability damage ratios of four fracturing fluid systems after gel breaking: guar gum (0.35%) system and PVOH/OBT systems 1, 2 and 3.

<p>Core permeability damage ratios of four fracturing fluid systems after gel breaking: guar gum (0.35%) system and PVOH/OBT systems 1, 2 and 3.</p

Radical Ion Probes. 9. The Chemistry of Radical Cations Derived from 9-Cyclopropylanthracene and 9-Bromo-10-cyclopropylanthracene

Reactions of radical cations generated from 9-cyclopropylanthracene (1) and 9-bromo-10-cyclopropylanthracene (2) in the presence of methanol have been investigated electrochemically. The major products arising from oxidation of both substrates are attributable to CH3OH attack at the aromatic ring (occurring at the radical cation stage for 2 and the dication stage for 1) rather than CH3OH-induced cyclopropane ring opening, which is estimated to be exothermic by 20 kcal/mol. Although ring-opened products are detected in some instances, these are found to arise from subsequent reaction of the primary oxidation products. These observations are consistent with a proposed product-like transition state for the nucleophile-induced ring opening of cyclopropylarene radical cations in which the positive charge is localized on the cyclopropyl group and nucleophile, and thus unable to derive stabilization from the aromatic ring