Table_1_Visual word recognition of Chinese–Japanese bilinguals: limited role of phonology.XLSX

IntroductionThe investigation of how orthography and phonology influence lexical semantic access in visual word identification is a crucial area in psycholinguistics. Previous studies, focusing on alphabetic scripts in bilingual lexical recognition, have highlighted the facilitative role of phonological similarity. Yet, the impact of cross-language phonological similarity in bilinguals using non-alphabetic scripts remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, we employed a lexical decision task to examine Chinese–Japanese bilinguals. Participants were presented with Chinese–Japanese cognate translation pairs, categorized into phonologically similar and dissimilar cognates.ResultsAnalysis of event-related potentials (ERP) revealed no significant differences between phonologically similar and dissimilar contexts in the early time windows (90–170 ms and 170–270 ms). However, in the later time window (350–500 ms), significant differences were observed, with the phonologically dissimilar condition eliciting a larger negative wave.DiscussionContrary to findings in alphabetic script-based studies, our results suggest that in logographic script processing, the activation of phonology and semantics occurs simultaneously, and the influence of phonology is limited. This indicates a distinct cognitive processing mechanism in non-alphabetic language bilinguals, providing new insights into the dynamics of bilingual lexical recognition.</p

Table_2_Visual word recognition of Chinese–Japanese bilinguals: limited role of phonology.xlsx

IntroductionThe investigation of how orthography and phonology influence lexical semantic access in visual word identification is a crucial area in psycholinguistics. Previous studies, focusing on alphabetic scripts in bilingual lexical recognition, have highlighted the facilitative role of phonological similarity. Yet, the impact of cross-language phonological similarity in bilinguals using non-alphabetic scripts remains unclear.MethodsIn this study, we employed a lexical decision task to examine Chinese–Japanese bilinguals. Participants were presented with Chinese–Japanese cognate translation pairs, categorized into phonologically similar and dissimilar cognates.ResultsAnalysis of event-related potentials (ERP) revealed no significant differences between phonologically similar and dissimilar contexts in the early time windows (90–170 ms and 170–270 ms). However, in the later time window (350–500 ms), significant differences were observed, with the phonologically dissimilar condition eliciting a larger negative wave.DiscussionContrary to findings in alphabetic script-based studies, our results suggest that in logographic script processing, the activation of phonology and semantics occurs simultaneously, and the influence of phonology is limited. This indicates a distinct cognitive processing mechanism in non-alphabetic language bilinguals, providing new insights into the dynamics of bilingual lexical recognition.</p

Structure variation on self-assembly and optical properties of bent hexacatenars with dicyanothiophene bent core and amide links

Novel hexacatenars consisting of a dicyanothiophene π-conjugated rigid bent core connecting with two terminal hydrophobic paraffinic chains via amide links were prepared. These molecules can self-assemble into columnar phases with p6mm lattice via columns stacking by tilted disk and with p4mm lattice viacolumns stacking by nontilted disk stacking by elongation of the terminal alkyl chains. These molecules can also self-assemble into organogels with flower-like sphere morphologies. The photophysical properties measurement indicated that such compounds had typical solvatochromic properties with increasing polarity of solvent.</p

<b>Identification and validation of tumor-specific T cell receptors from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes using tumor organoid co-cultures</b>

Background：T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-Ts) therapy is promising for cancer immunotherapy. Most studies have focused on identifying tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) through predicted tumor neoantigens. However, current prediction algorithms for tumor neoantigens are not reliable and many tumor neoantigens are derive from non-coding regions. Thus, the technological platform for identifying tumor-specific TCRs using natural antigens expressed on tumor cells is urgently need.Methods：In this study, tumor organoids-enriched tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (oeT) were obtained by repeatedly stimulating of autologous patient-derived organoids (PDO) in vitro. The oeT cells specifically responded to autologous tumor PDO by detecting CD137 expression and the secretion of IFN-γ using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. The measurement of oeT cell-mediated killing of three-dimensional organoids was conducted using a caspase3/7 flow cytometry assay kit. Subsequently, tumor-specific T cells were isolated based on CD137 expression and their TCRs were identified through single-cell RT-PCR analysis. The specificity cytotoxic of TCRs were confirmed by transferring to primary peripheral blood T cells.Results: The co-culture system proved highly effective in generating CD8+ tumor-specific oeT cells. These oeT cells effectively induced IFN-γ secretion and exhibited specificity in killing autologous tumors, while not eliciting a cytotoxic response against normal organoids. The analysis conducted by TCRs revealed a significant expansion of T cells within a specific subset of TCRs. Subsequently, the TCRs were cloned and transferred to peripheral blood T cells generation engineered TCR-Ts, which adequately recognized and killed tumor cell in a patient-specific manner.Conclusions: The co-culture system provided an approach to generate tumor-specific TCRs from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and tumor-specific TCRs can potentially be used for personalized TCR-Ts therapy.</p

Additional file 1 of Identification and expression analysis of GARP superfamily genes in response to nitrogen and phosphorus stress in Spirodela polyrhiza

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of GARP superfamily members identified genome-wide in Colocasia esculenta and Wolffia Australiana. Table S2. The Ka/Ks and divergence time of SpGARP paralogs and orthologs gene pairs. Table S3. The frequency of 245 cis-regulatory elements in the 2000 bp promoter region of GARP genes in giant duckweed, scanned in New PLACE database. Table S4. Primer sequences used in qRT-PCR

<b>Identification and validation of tumor-specific T cell receptors from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes using tumor organoid co-cultures</b>

Background：T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-Ts) therapy is promising for cancer immunotherapy. Most studies have focused on identifying tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) through predicted tumor neoantigens. However, current prediction algorithms for tumor neoantigens are not reliable and many tumor neoantigens are derive from non-coding regions. Thus, the technological platform for identifying tumor-specific TCRs using natural antigens expressed on tumor cells is urgently need.Methods：In this study, tumor organoids-enriched tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (oeT) were obtained by repeatedly stimulating of autologous patient-derived organoids (PDO) in vitro. The oeT cells specifically responded to autologous tumor PDO by detecting CD137 expression and the secretion of IFN-γ using enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. The measurement of oeT cell-mediated killing of three-dimensional organoids was conducted using a caspase3/7 flow cytometry assay kit. Subsequently, tumor-specific T cells were isolated based on CD137 expression and their TCRs were identified through single-cell RT-PCR analysis. The specificity cytotoxic of TCRs were confirmed by transferring to primary peripheral blood T cells.Results: The co-culture system proved highly effective in generating CD8+ tumor-specific oeT cells. These oeT cells effectively induced IFN-γ secretion and exhibited specificity in killing autologous tumors, while not eliciting a cytotoxic response against normal organoids. The analysis conducted by TCRs revealed a significant expansion of T cells within a specific subset of TCRs. Subsequently, the TCRs were cloned and transferred to peripheral blood T cells generation engineered TCR-Ts, which adequately recognized and killed tumor cell in a patient-specific manner.Conclusions: The co-culture system provided an approach to generate tumor-specific TCRs from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and tumor-specific TCRs can potentially be used for personalized TCR-Ts therapy.</p

Dual Enzyme Cascade-Activated Popcorn-Like Nanoparticles Efficiently Remodeled Stellate Cells to Alleviate Pancreatic Desmoplasia

In pancreatic cancer, excessive desmoplastic stroma severely impedes drug access to tumor cells. By reverting activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) to quiescence, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can attenuate their stromal synthesis and remodel the tumor-promoting microenvironment. However, its modulatory effects have been greatly weakened due to its limited delivery to PSCs. Therefore, we constructed a tripeptide RFC-modified gelatin/oleic acid nanoparticle (RNP@ATRA), which delivered ATRA in an enzyme-triggered popcorn-like manner and effectively resolved the delivery challenges. Specifically, surface RFC was cleaved by aminopeptidase N (APN) on the tumor endothelium to liberate l-arginine, generating nitric oxide (NO) for tumor-specific vasodilation. Then, massive nanoparticles were pushed from the vessels into tumors, showing 5.1- and 4.0-fold higher intratumoral accumulation than free ATRA and APN-inert nanoparticles, respectively. Subsequently, in the interstitium, matrix metalloproteinase-2-induced gelatin degradation caused RNP@ATRA to rapidly release ATRA, promoting its interstitial penetration and PSC delivery. Thus, activated PSCs were efficiently reverted to quiescence, and stroma secretion and vascular compression were reduced, thereby enhancing intratumoral delivery of small-molecule or nanosized chemotherapeutics. Ultimately, RNP@ATRA combined with chemotherapeutics markedly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis without causing additional toxicities. Overall, this work provides a potential nanoplatform for the efficient delivery of PSC-modifying agents in pancreatic cancer and other stroma-rich tumors

Amino Pyridine Iodine as an Additive for Defect-Passivated Perovskite Solar Cells

Defect passivation of the perovskite surface and grain boundary (GBs) has become a widely adopted approach to reduce charge recombination. Research has demonstrated that functional groups with Lewis acid or base properties can successfully neutralize trap states and limit nonradiative recombination. Unlike traditional Lewis acid–base organic molecules that only bind to a single anionic or cationic defect, zwitterions can passivate both anionic and cationic defects simultaneously. In this work, zwitterions organic halide salt 1-amino pyridine iodine (AmPyI) is used as a perovskite for defect passivation. It is found that a pair of amino lone electrons in AmPyI can passivate defects surface and GBs through hydrogen bonding with perovskite, and the introduced I– can bind to uncoordinated Pb2+ while also controlling the surface morphology of the film and improving the crystallinity. In the presence of the AmPyI additive, we obtained about 1.24 μm of amplified perovskite grains and achieved an efficiency of 23.80% with minimal hysteresis

Cholinergic Neuron Targeting Nanosystem Delivering Hybrid Peptide for Combinatorial Mitochondrial Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons has recently become a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Regulation of dysfunctional mitochondria through multiple pathways rather than antioxidation monotherapy indicates synergistic therapeutic effects. Therefore, we developed a multifunctional hybrid peptide HNSS composed of antioxidant peptide SS31 and neuroprotective peptide S14G-Humanin. However, suitable peptide delivery systems with excellent loading capacity and effective at-site delivery are still absent. Herein, the nanoparticles made of citraconylation-modified poly­(ethylene glycol)-poly­(trimethylene carbonate) polymer (PEG-PTMC­(Cit)) exhibited desirable loading of HNSS peptide through electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile, based on fibroblast growth factor receptor 1­(FGFR1) overexpression in both the blood–brain barrier and cholinergic neuron, an FGFR1 ligand-FGL peptide was modified on the nanosystem (FGL-NP­(Cit)/HNSS) to achieve 4.8-fold enhanced accumulation in brain with preferred distribution into cholinergic neurons in the diseased region. The acid-sensitive property of the nanosystem facilitated lysosomal escape and intracellular drug release by charge switching, resulting in HNSS enrichment in mitochondria through directing of the SS31 part. FGL-NP­(Cit)/HNSS effectively rescued mitochondria dysfunction via the PGC-1α and STAT3 pathways, inhibited Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, and ameliorated memory defects and cholinergic neuronal damage in 3xTg-AD mice. The work provides a potential platform for targeted cationic peptide delivery, harboring utility for peptide therapy in other neurodegenerative diseases