Vine Copula-Based Dependence Description for Multivariate Multimode Process Monitoring

A novel vine copula-based dependence description (VCDD) process monitoring approach is proposed. The main contribution is to extract the complex dependence among process variables rather than perform dimensionality reduction or other decoupling processes. For a multimode chemical process, the C-vine copula model of each mode is initially created, in which a multivariate optimization problem is simplified as coping with a series of bivariate copulas listed in a sparse matrix. To measure the distance of the process data from each non-Gaussian mode, a generalized local probability (GLP) index is defined. Consequently, the generalized Bayesian inference-based probability (GBIP) index under a given control limit can be further calculated in real time via searching the density quantile table created offline. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach are illustrated using a numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process. The results show that the proposed VCDD approach achieves good performance in both monitoring results and computation load

Data statistics for individual and combined analyses.

<p>Note: No. Char. = total aligned number of characters; Var. sites = number of variable sites; Var. % = Var. sites/No. Char.;</p><p>PIC. = phylogenetically informative characters; PIC. % = PIC./No. Char.; Ts∶Tv = Transition/Transversion; RI = retention index;</p><p>CI = consistency index.</p

MP phylogram inferred from nuclear data set with gaps coded as missing data.

<p>Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Cancel culture can be collectively validating for groups experiencing harm.docx

IntroductionSocial psychological research on collective action and intergroup harm has yet to adequately consider the potential role of cancel culture or feelings of collective validation in motivating collective action. The current research will begin to fill this gap and may broaden our understanding of the psychological mechanisms that inspire and maintain collective action in response to intergroup harm. To our knowledge, this research is the first social psychological analysis of the impact of cancel culture on collective action and as means for producing feelings of collective validation.MethodsIn two experimental studies, participants read a story describing an event of discrimination against their group followed by a manipulation of the presence or absence of an episode of cancel culture. Study 1 samples woman university students (N = 520) and focuses on their responses to a sexist incident on campus. Study 2 (pre-registered) assesses the generality of the model in a racism context with a community sample of East Asian Canadians and Americans (N = 237).ResultsStudy 1 showed that an episode of cancel culture had an indirect positive effect on collective action intentions mediated by feelings of collective validation and collective empowerment. Study 2 showed the indirect effect of cancel culture on collective action intentions mediated by feelings of collective validation and collective anger and contempt.DiscussionThe current research offers a novel theoretical and empirical introduction to the concept of collective validation and the understudied context of cancel culture to the existing social psychological research and theory on collective action. Further, cancel culture has been criticized as problematic. However, this perspective centres those in positions of power. Through this research, we hope to shift the focus onto marginalized groups’ perspectives of episodes of cancel culture. This research shows that groups who experience harm find these episodes of cancel culture validating in ways that have yet to be fully explored by intergroup relations research. Further, these findings suggest that collective validation does mediate the relationship between cancel culture and collective action; thus, cancel culture becomes an important contributor to resistance by marginalized groups through collective validation.</p

MP phylogram inferred from combined data set with gaps coded as missing data.

<p>Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.</p

Substitution patterns of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI gene.

<p>The number of transition (S) and transversion (V) substitutions is plotted against Kimura 2 parameter (K2p) distance considering all sites. Each point represents a pairwise comparison among two taxa. (A) 18S rDNA saturation plot. (B) 28S rDNA saturation plot. (C) 16S rDNA saturation plot. (D) COI saturation plot.</p

Proposed phylogenetic hypotheses within Heteroptera.

<p>(A) after Schuh (1979). (B) after Zrzavý (1992). (C) after Mahner (1993) & Shcherbakov and Popov (2002). (D) after Wheeler et al. (1993). (E) after Yang (2002). (F) after Xie et al. (2008). Cim.: Cimicomorpha; Dip.: Dipsocoromorpha; Eni.: Enicocephalomorpha; Ger.: Gerromorpha; Lep.: Leptopodomorpha; Nep.: Nepomorpha; Pen.: Pentatomomorpha.</p

Chronogram of maximum credibility ultrametric tree the Heteroptera generated using BEAST.

<p>Branch lengths are drawn proportional to time; highest posterior density credible intervals for nodes are indicated by horizontal grey bars.</p

Bayesian phylogram inferred from nuclear data set.

<p>Bayesian posterior probabilities (>50%) are indicated at each node.</p

Data_Sheet_2_Cancel culture can be collectively validating for groups experiencing harm.docx

IntroductionSocial psychological research on collective action and intergroup harm has yet to adequately consider the potential role of cancel culture or feelings of collective validation in motivating collective action. The current research will begin to fill this gap and may broaden our understanding of the psychological mechanisms that inspire and maintain collective action in response to intergroup harm. To our knowledge, this research is the first social psychological analysis of the impact of cancel culture on collective action and as means for producing feelings of collective validation.MethodsIn two experimental studies, participants read a story describing an event of discrimination against their group followed by a manipulation of the presence or absence of an episode of cancel culture. Study 1 samples woman university students (N = 520) and focuses on their responses to a sexist incident on campus. Study 2 (pre-registered) assesses the generality of the model in a racism context with a community sample of East Asian Canadians and Americans (N = 237).ResultsStudy 1 showed that an episode of cancel culture had an indirect positive effect on collective action intentions mediated by feelings of collective validation and collective empowerment. Study 2 showed the indirect effect of cancel culture on collective action intentions mediated by feelings of collective validation and collective anger and contempt.DiscussionThe current research offers a novel theoretical and empirical introduction to the concept of collective validation and the understudied context of cancel culture to the existing social psychological research and theory on collective action. Further, cancel culture has been criticized as problematic. However, this perspective centres those in positions of power. Through this research, we hope to shift the focus onto marginalized groups’ perspectives of episodes of cancel culture. This research shows that groups who experience harm find these episodes of cancel culture validating in ways that have yet to be fully explored by intergroup relations research. Further, these findings suggest that collective validation does mediate the relationship between cancel culture and collective action; thus, cancel culture becomes an important contributor to resistance by marginalized groups through collective validation.</p