Reference planes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

<p>(A) Coronal plane of TMJ on the cleft side; (B) Sagittal plane of TMJ on the cleft side; (C) Axial plane of TMJ on the cleft side; (D) Three-dimensional rendered image.</p

Image2_Pentoxifylline Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Cellular Senescence in Mice.TIF

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease, and its occurrence and development are mediated by cellular senescence. Drugs targeting senescent cells seem like a promising and efficacious strategy for IPF treatment. Previous studies have illustrated that pentoxifylline (PTX) may play a certain role in inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis and combating cellular senescence. In this study, we demonstrated that PTX administration inhibits pulmonary fibrosis development and cellular senescence in the bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF mice model. Moreover, the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes and senescence-related genes in mice lung tissue and primary pulmonary fibroblasts illustrated lung fibroblasts’ vital role in these two processes. And the curative effect of PTX was completed mainly by acting on lung fibroblasts. Besides, during the whole treatment, delayed initiation or advanced halt of PTX administration would influence its effectiveness in reducing fibrotic and senescent traits in various degrees, and the latter influenced more. We further determined that a long period of PTX administration could bring noticeable benefits to mice in recovering BLM-induced lung fibrosis and suppressing age-associated cellular senescence. Moreover, it was still effective when PTX administration was used to treat senescent human fibroblasts. Thus, our findings manifested that PTX therapy is an efficient remedy for pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing cellular senescence.</p

Comparison of chin deviation between the UCLP and non-cleft groups.

<p>Shapiro-Wilk test of normality;</p><p>^<b>†</b>One sample t test;</p><p>^<b>‡</b>Mann-Whitney U test (when variables were not normally distributed);</p><p>* P<0.05.</p><p>Comparison of chin deviation between the UCLP and non-cleft groups.</p

Descriptions of landmarks.

<p>Descriptions of landmarks.</p

Image1_Pentoxifylline Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Cellular Senescence in Mice.TIF

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease, and its occurrence and development are mediated by cellular senescence. Drugs targeting senescent cells seem like a promising and efficacious strategy for IPF treatment. Previous studies have illustrated that pentoxifylline (PTX) may play a certain role in inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis and combating cellular senescence. In this study, we demonstrated that PTX administration inhibits pulmonary fibrosis development and cellular senescence in the bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF mice model. Moreover, the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes and senescence-related genes in mice lung tissue and primary pulmonary fibroblasts illustrated lung fibroblasts’ vital role in these two processes. And the curative effect of PTX was completed mainly by acting on lung fibroblasts. Besides, during the whole treatment, delayed initiation or advanced halt of PTX administration would influence its effectiveness in reducing fibrotic and senescent traits in various degrees, and the latter influenced more. We further determined that a long period of PTX administration could bring noticeable benefits to mice in recovering BLM-induced lung fibrosis and suppressing age-associated cellular senescence. Moreover, it was still effective when PTX administration was used to treat senescent human fibroblasts. Thus, our findings manifested that PTX therapy is an efficient remedy for pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing cellular senescence.</p

Descriptions of measurements.

<p>P, posterior joint space; A, anterior joint space; AP, anteroposterior; ML, mediolateral.</p><p>Descriptions of measurements.</p

Landmarks and measurements of condylar-fossa relationship on a sagittal slice.

<p>SF, the most superior aspect of the temporomandibular fossa; SC, the most superior aspect of the condyle; PC, the posterior tangent point of the condyle; AC, the anterior tangent point of the condyle; Line 1, tangent to SF and parallel to the FH plane; Line 2, tangent to SC and parallel to line 1; Line 3, starting from SF and tangent to the most anterior aspect of the condyle; Line 4, starting from SF and tangent to the most posterior aspect of the condyle; PS, posterior joint space; SS, superior joint space; AS, anterior joint space.</p

Mandibular measurements and chin deviation.

<p>(A) Ramal height; (B) Mandibular body length; (C) Total mandibular length; (D) Gonial angle; (E) Chin deviation.</p

Head orientation and reference planes.

<p>(A) Coronal plane; (B) Midsagittal plane (MSP); (C) Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane; (D) Three-dimensional rendered image.</p

Dimensions and positions of condyles on an axial slice.

<p>D1 and D3, the mediolateral (ML) diameters of condyles; D2 and D4, the anteroposterior (AP) diameters of condyles; Ds, the sagittal difference between the geometric centers of condyles on two sides; C1 and C2, the distances between the center of condyles and the MSP; A1 and A2, the angles between the ML axis of condyles and the MSP.</p