Efficient Conversion of Light Cycle Oil into High-Octane-Number Gasoline and Light Olefins over a Mesoporous ZSM‑5 Catalyst

Producing high-octane-number (ON) gasoline and light olefins is a promising route to valorize light cycle oil (LCO). In this work, the LCO was mildly hydrogenated and then catalytically cracked to produce high-ON gasoline and light olefins. Mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite (meso-ZSM-5) was prepared and, for the first time, was applied in this process to crack the hydrogenated LCO (hydro-LCO). The catalytic performance of meso-ZSM-5 was evaluated in detail under different reaction temperatures and weight hourly space velocities (WHSVs). The results showed that, in comparison to less than 64 wt % hydro-LCO conversion over the conventional ZSM-5 catalyst, the novel catalyst exhibited excellent performance in cracking hydro-LCO with quite a high conversion of 84.8 wt %, affording a gasoline yield of 56.4 wt % and light olefin yield of 19.3 wt % at 560 °C and 10 h^–1. In addition, the conversion behaviors of hydro-LCO components were analyzed over both the conventional ZSM-5 and meso-ZSM-5 catalysts. Finally, on the basis of the study of the acid and pore properties of both catalysts, a detailed intrinsic reason for enhanced performance was elucidated. It demonstrated that the remarkable catalytic performance of the meso-ZSM-5 catalyst was closely related to the high diffusion of reactants and the accessibility of acid sites

Mechanistic Insights into the Pore Confinement Effect on Bimolecular and Monomolecular Cracking Mechanisms of <i>N</i>‑Octane over HY and HZSM‑5 Zeolites: A DFT Study

Bimolecular and monomolecular cracking mechanisms of alkanes simultaneously occur and have a competitive relationship, which strongly influences the product distribution. In this work, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation is first carried out to elucidate two cracking mechanisms in HZSM-5 and HY zeolites. It is found that the overall apparent reaction barrier for the monomolecular cracking reaction at 750 K in the HZSM-5 zeolite is 5.30 kcal/mol, much lower than that (23.12 kcal/mol) for bimolecular cracking reaction, indicating that the monomolecular mechanism is predominant in the HZSM-5 zeolite. In contrast, the bimolecular mechanism is predominant in the HY zeolite because of a lower apparent reaction barrier energy barrier (6.95 kcal/mol) for bimolecular cracking reaction than that (24.34 kcal/mol) for the monomolecular cracking reaction. Moreover, the intrinsic reason for the different mechanisms is further elucidated. The confinement effect can effectively decrease the energy barrier when the size of transition states is comparable to the pore size of zeolite. The insights in this work will be of great significance to the understanding of confinement on catalytic cracking mechanism and to the design of highly efficient cracking catalysts

Structure and Composition Changes of Nitrogen Compounds during the Catalytic Cracking Process and Their Deactivating Effect on Catalysts

The comprehensive structure and composition changes of the nitrogen compounds during the catalytic cracking processes of coker gas oil and vacuum residue are investigated using electrospray ionization combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. These experiments were conducted over different cracking materials under the reaction temperatures of 500/520 °C, the weight hourly space velocity of 18 h^–1, and the catalyst/oil ratio of 5. The results show that the diffusion resistance in the micropores of the zeolite is the key factor affecting the interaction between the nitrogen compounds and the acid sites. The basic N1 and N2 class species with double bond equivalence (DBE) values smaller than 10 can easily diffuse into the micropores of the zeolite and are preferentially adsorbed onto the acid sites. These adsorbed nitrogen compounds generally conduct condensation reactions and hydrogen transfer reactions to form coke deposited on the cracking catalysts. The basic N1 and N2 class species with DBE values larger than 10, other basic nitrogen compounds other than N1 and N2, and the non-basic nitrogen compounds seldom interact with the acid sites of the zeolite. They usually undergo side chain thermal cracking on the surface of the matrix, which can reduce their carbon numbers but cannot change their DBE values. The basic N1 class species with DBE values smaller than 10 are the main compounds that poison the cracking catalysts. In comparison to the SL-CGO catalytic cracking, the nitrogen-poisoning effect on the catalysts is much less during the SL-VR catalytic cracking process because the main poisoning compounds (the basic N1 class species with DBE values smaller than 10) are much fewer

Enhancing the Selectivity of Enzyme Detection by Using Tailor-Made Nanoparticles

Development of effective ways to specifically and reversibly block the activity of an enzyme is highly desirable for enhancing the selectivity of enzyme assays. Here we demonstrate a novel approach for selective detection of enzyme activities in complex biological samples by using tailor-made nanoparticles. Employing deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) as a model enzyme template, we prepared surface imprinted polymers over magnetic nanoparticles with monomers screened out of commonly used functional monomers. The resultant Fe₃O₄@MIP nanoparticles can not only block the activity of the target enzyme via selective adsorption but also quantitatively release the bound enzyme under mild conditions with the assistance of metal ion cofactors, which offers a very useful tool for enhancing the selectivity in enzyme detection. The approach enables sequential detection of the activities of 3′-5′ exonuclease and DNase I in cell lysates. The strategy may be further extended to the detection of other enzyme proteins

Table1_Weekly earthquake prediction in a region of China based on an intensive precursor network AETA.XLSX

Once a majority of earthquakes occur without prediction, it is very likely to have a huge impact on human society. To solve the worldwide challenging problem of earthquake prediction, our laboratory has developed a set of sensory systems to monitor the abnormal activity of geological signals before an earthquake happens in China. At present, more than 300 stations have been deployed, and the observation time has exceeded 4 years. Based on the various geological activities collected, a local correlation tracking method is used to capture signal anomalies before an earthquake, and then the ROC curve is used for the evaluation of the predictive accuracy. The method is applied in the Sichuan-Yunnan area weekly, verifying the forecast within a 91-week time frame and a 30-week time frame. The method proposed in this article has earthquake prediction ability with a rate of over 70%. It promotes and contributes to helping people avoid the fear of unpredictable earthquakes.</p

Table_4_High Plasma Exposure of Statins Associated With Increased Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.DOCX

<p>The role of statins in reducing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the association between CI-AKI and high plasma exposure of statins in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG). This association was first evaluated in 1,219 patients with CAD receiving atorvastatin (AT) therapy and validated in 635 patients receiving rosuvastatin (RST) therapy. The plasma concentrations of statins were quantified using validated UPLC-MS/MS methods and CI-AKI incidence was assessed during the first 48 h postoperatively. Among all participants (n = 1,854), AKI occurred in 57 of 1219 (4.7%) in the AT cohort and 30 of 635 (4.7%) in the RST cohort. High plasma AT-all exposure was associated with increased risk of CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR]: 2.265; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.609–3.187; p < 0.0001). Plasma AT-all concentration in the CI-AKI group (22.40 ± 24.63 ng/mL) was 2.6-fold higher than that in the control group (8.60 ± 9.65 ng/mL). High plasma RST exposure also significantly increased the risk of CI-AKI (OR: 2.281; 95% CI: 1.441–3.612; p = 0.0004). We further divided patients into two subgroups for each statin according to baseline renal function, and association between high plasma statin exposure and CI-AKI still remained highly significant in both subgroups. This study suggests for the first time that high plasma exposure of statins may significantly increase the risk of CI-AKI. Statins should be used with greater caution in CAD patients undergoing CAG to reduce the occurrence of CI-AKI.</p

Table_2_High Plasma Exposure of Statins Associated With Increased Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.DOCX

<p>The role of statins in reducing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the association between CI-AKI and high plasma exposure of statins in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG). This association was first evaluated in 1,219 patients with CAD receiving atorvastatin (AT) therapy and validated in 635 patients receiving rosuvastatin (RST) therapy. The plasma concentrations of statins were quantified using validated UPLC-MS/MS methods and CI-AKI incidence was assessed during the first 48 h postoperatively. Among all participants (n = 1,854), AKI occurred in 57 of 1219 (4.7%) in the AT cohort and 30 of 635 (4.7%) in the RST cohort. High plasma AT-all exposure was associated with increased risk of CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR]: 2.265; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.609–3.187; p < 0.0001). Plasma AT-all concentration in the CI-AKI group (22.40 ± 24.63 ng/mL) was 2.6-fold higher than that in the control group (8.60 ± 9.65 ng/mL). High plasma RST exposure also significantly increased the risk of CI-AKI (OR: 2.281; 95% CI: 1.441–3.612; p = 0.0004). We further divided patients into two subgroups for each statin according to baseline renal function, and association between high plasma statin exposure and CI-AKI still remained highly significant in both subgroups. This study suggests for the first time that high plasma exposure of statins may significantly increase the risk of CI-AKI. Statins should be used with greater caution in CAD patients undergoing CAG to reduce the occurrence of CI-AKI.</p

Table_1_High Plasma Exposure of Statins Associated With Increased Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.DOCX

<p>The role of statins in reducing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the association between CI-AKI and high plasma exposure of statins in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG). This association was first evaluated in 1,219 patients with CAD receiving atorvastatin (AT) therapy and validated in 635 patients receiving rosuvastatin (RST) therapy. The plasma concentrations of statins were quantified using validated UPLC-MS/MS methods and CI-AKI incidence was assessed during the first 48 h postoperatively. Among all participants (n = 1,854), AKI occurred in 57 of 1219 (4.7%) in the AT cohort and 30 of 635 (4.7%) in the RST cohort. High plasma AT-all exposure was associated with increased risk of CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR]: 2.265; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.609–3.187; p < 0.0001). Plasma AT-all concentration in the CI-AKI group (22.40 ± 24.63 ng/mL) was 2.6-fold higher than that in the control group (8.60 ± 9.65 ng/mL). High plasma RST exposure also significantly increased the risk of CI-AKI (OR: 2.281; 95% CI: 1.441–3.612; p = 0.0004). We further divided patients into two subgroups for each statin according to baseline renal function, and association between high plasma statin exposure and CI-AKI still remained highly significant in both subgroups. This study suggests for the first time that high plasma exposure of statins may significantly increase the risk of CI-AKI. Statins should be used with greater caution in CAD patients undergoing CAG to reduce the occurrence of CI-AKI.</p

Table_3_High Plasma Exposure of Statins Associated With Increased Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Chinese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.DOCX

<p>The role of statins in reducing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remains controversial. We sought to evaluate the association between CI-AKI and high plasma exposure of statins in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG). This association was first evaluated in 1,219 patients with CAD receiving atorvastatin (AT) therapy and validated in 635 patients receiving rosuvastatin (RST) therapy. The plasma concentrations of statins were quantified using validated UPLC-MS/MS methods and CI-AKI incidence was assessed during the first 48 h postoperatively. Among all participants (n = 1,854), AKI occurred in 57 of 1219 (4.7%) in the AT cohort and 30 of 635 (4.7%) in the RST cohort. High plasma AT-all exposure was associated with increased risk of CI-AKI (odds ratio [OR]: 2.265; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.609–3.187; p < 0.0001). Plasma AT-all concentration in the CI-AKI group (22.40 ± 24.63 ng/mL) was 2.6-fold higher than that in the control group (8.60 ± 9.65 ng/mL). High plasma RST exposure also significantly increased the risk of CI-AKI (OR: 2.281; 95% CI: 1.441–3.612; p = 0.0004). We further divided patients into two subgroups for each statin according to baseline renal function, and association between high plasma statin exposure and CI-AKI still remained highly significant in both subgroups. This study suggests for the first time that high plasma exposure of statins may significantly increase the risk of CI-AKI. Statins should be used with greater caution in CAD patients undergoing CAG to reduce the occurrence of CI-AKI.</p