Relationship between daily protein intake and body weight gain: Results from a generalized estimating equation.

Relationship between daily protein intake and body weight gain: Results from a generalized estimating equation.</p

Linear relationship between protein content and body weight gain.

The correlation of the velocity of body weight gain with (a) protein concentration in human milk and (b) daily protein intake. Spots in the figure were unadjusted values. The simple linear regression equation is indicated by the straight line. The upper and lower curves represent the 95% confidence interval of the mean.</p

Time relationship between milk analysis and growth measurement.

Time relationship between milk analysis and growth measurement.</p

Relationship between protein concentration in human milk and body weight gain: Results from a generalized estimating equation.

Relationship between protein concentration in human milk and body weight gain: Results from a generalized estimating equation.</p

Participant flow through the trial.

Participant flow through the trial.</p

Macronutrient concentration in human milk samples (N = 245).

Macronutrient concentration in human milk samples (N = 245).</p

Correlation with the velocity of body weight gain (g/kg/day).

Correlation with the velocity of body weight gain (g/kg/day).</p

Demographic data.

Demographic data.</p

Microalgal Polyphosphate Drives One-Pot Complete Enzymatic Generation of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide from Adenosine and Riboflavin

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a universal cellular cofactor involved in biological redox and radical metabolism reactions. FAD biosynthesis from riboflavin typically proceeds through two ATP-dependent enzymatic reactions, with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as the intermediate. Traditional in vivo methods employ microorganisms for FAD synthesis at an industrial scale; however, these approaches often suffer from complex purification processes. Considering the atomic economy and percentage yield, in vitro enzymatic FAD synthesis using enzymes could be a more efficient and sustainable alternative. While catalytically efficient, the requirements of expensive ATP (substrate) limit the industrialization of enzymatic FAD synthesis. To overcome the ATP requirements, here we develop a two-enzyme cascade for ATP regeneration from adenosine using wastewater microalgal polyphosphate as the P-donor. With the ATP regeneration system, the bifunctional riboflavin kinase/FAD synthetase and pyrophosphatase completely convert saturated riboflavin into FAD within 2 h with a titer of ∼1.2 g/L (1.5 mmol/L). Notably, orthophosphate, the only byproduct of this enzymatic process, can be recycled to synthesize polyphosphate by wastewater microalgae, which can then be fed back into the system as the P-donor in the ATP regeneration step, resulting in a FAD synthesis process with almost net-zero waste generation

Table_2_Renal and Glucose-Lowering Effects of Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin in Different Chronic Kidney Disease Stages.DOCX

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on renal function in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).Design and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using longitudinal claims data from May 2016–December 2017 from the Chang Gung Research Database. Patients who used one of the three types of SGLT2 inhibitor available at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, namely empagliflozin 10 mg/tab (Empa10), empagliflozin 25 mg/tab (Empa25), and dapagliflozin 10 mg/tab (Dapa), were included, with the same number of matched non-users. Analysis of variance was used for continuous variables and the chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. Differences in data between two groups were analyzed using an independent t-test, and the basic data before and after treatment were analyzed using generalized estimating equation (GEE). The association among renal function changes was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, with the results presented as unadjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results: Among the 7,624 SGLT2 inhibitor users, 1,696 patients used Empa10, 2,654 used Empa25, and 3,274 used Dapa. Compared with non-users, dapagliflozin had the lowest risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decrease over 40% from baseline within 1 year (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25–0.51). By using the ICD-10-CM code N179, the acute kidney injury (AKI)-related hospitalization rate was lower in Empa10 and Dapa users than in non-users (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.49–0.86).Conclusion: Lower risk of eGFR decrease over 40% and AKI-related hospitalization was found in all SGLT2 inhibitor users across the different CKD stages.</p