Involvement of MAPK pathway in cocaine and/or gp120-induced toxicity in rat primary astrocytes.

<p>(A–C) Western blot analysis of cytosolic lysates from cocaine (10 µM) and/or gp120 IIIB (200 ng/ml) or heat-inactivated gp120 IIIB)-treated cells (15 min) using antibodies specific for the phosphorylated forms of JNK, p38, ERK/MAPK respectively. (D–F) Densitometric analyses of phos-JNK/β-actin, phos-p38/β-actin, phos-ERK/ERK from three separate experiments. Representative immunoblot and the densitometric analysis of phos-JNK/β-actin, phos-p38/β-actin, phos-ERK/ERK from three separate experiments is presented. All the data in these figures are presented as mean±SD of three individual experiments. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus control group; #p< 0.05, ## p<0.01 versus cocaine group; ∧ p<0.05 versus gp120 group. (G–I) Pharmacological inhibition of the MAPK pathway in astrocytes resulted in abrogation of cocaine and gp120-induced toxicity. All the data are presented as mean±SD from three individual experiments. **p<0.01 versus control group. #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 versus cocaine + gp120 group.</p

Cocaine and gp120 induced phosphorylation of MAPKs.

<p>Western blot analysis of time-dependent activation of ERK, JNK and p38 kinases in astrocytes treated with cocaine and gp120. Representative immunoblots are presented from 4 separate experiments.</p

Effects of cocaine and/or gp120 on mitochondrial membrane potential in rat astrocytes.

<p>(A) Cells treated with cocaine and/or gp120 for 18 h were assayed for mitochondrial membrane potential by staining with JC-1 dye. Treatment with cocaine/gp120 resulted in reduction of the aggregation of JC-1 dye in the mitochondria (red fluorescence) and decreased ratio of the aggregate (red fluorescence) to monomer JC-1 (green fluorescence) in the cells. Scale bars indicate 200 µm. (B) Quantification of Δψm expressed as a ratio of J-aggregate to JC-1 monomer (red∶ green) fluorescence intensity. All the data are presented as mean±SD of three individual experiments. ** p<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus control group; #p< 0.05 versus cocaine group; ∧p< 0.05 versus gp120 group.</p

Variation in reservoir SI from January to September 2017 in different cases.

Variation in reservoir SI from January to September 2017 in different cases.</p

Input boundary of the model.

(TIF)</p

Fig 5 -

From January 1 to September 15, 2017, the contour profile of the cross section (B1) 0.9 km upstream of Dongqing Dam for two conditions (a-c for case 1 and d-f for case 2) and (a, d) water temperature contour, (b, e) vertical temperature gradient and (c, f) buoyancy frequency.</p

Heating Rate-Dependent Dehydrogenation in the Thermal Decomposition Process of Mg(BH₄)₂·6NH₃

The detailed mechanism of thermal decomposition of Mg­(BH₄)₂·6NH₃ synthesized via a mechanochemical reaction between Mg­(BH₄)₂ and NH₃ at room temperature was investigated for the first time. A six-step decomposition process, which involves several parallel and interrelated reactions, was elucidated through a series of structural examinations and property evaluations. First, the thermal decomposition of Mg­(BH₄)₂·6NH₃ evolves 3 equiv of NH₃ and forms Mg­(BH₄)₂·3NH₃. Subsequently, Mg­(BH₄)₂·3NH₃ decomposes to release an additional 1 equiv of NH₃ and 3 equiv of H₂ to produce the [MgNBHNH₃]­[BH₄] polymer. And then, [MgNBHNH₃]­[BH₄] further desorbs 3 equiv of H₂ through a three-step reaction to give rise to the formation of the polymer intermediates of [MgNBHNH₂]­[BH₄], MgNBHNH₂BH₂, and MgNBNHBH, respectively. Finally, an additional 1 equiv of H₂ is liberated from MgNBNHBH to yield Mg and BN as the resultant solid products. In total, about 7 equiv of H₂ and 4 equiv of NH₃ are released together from Mg­(BH₄)₂·6NH₃ upon heating. Moreover, there is a strong dependence of the gas compositions released from Mg­(BH₄)₂·6NH₃ on the heating rate because the decomposition reaction of Mg­(BH₄)₂·3NH₃ is sensitive to the heating rate, as the faster heating rate induces a lower ammonia evolution. The finding in this work provides us with insights into the dehydrogenation mechanisms of the metal borohydride ammoniates as hydrogen storage media

Fig 8 -

Elevations of the withdrawal layer in different months and different working conditions and the local flow field distribution in front of the dam in April, July and September: a, c and e show the flow field with the retaining walls, and b, d and f show the flow field without retaining walls.</p

Temperature profiles at 1–2 m intervals simulated based on different cases and the corresponding buoyancy frequency (N) for the entire water column during 2017.

ΣN indicates the total stratification intensity.</p

Released water temperatures in different cases.

Released water temperatures in different cases.</p