Synthesis, characterization, and magnetochemical properties of two Mn₄ clusters derived from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde Schiff base ligands

<p>Two tetranuclear manganese complexes, [Mn₄(L¹)₆](ClO₄)₂⋅2.75H₂O (<b>1</b>) [HL¹ = 4-methyl-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethylene)amino)phenol] and [Mn₄(L²)₄(NO₃)₃(OH)]⋅pz⋅3H₂O (<b>2</b>) [HL² = (1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-1-yl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol, pz = pyrazole], have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurements. The structural analysis revealed that the central manganese ion is linked with three apical manganese ions through six phenoxo-bridges creating a Mn₄O₆ core for <b>1</b>; <b>2</b> has a cubane-like topology with the Mn(II) ions and the deprotonated oxygens from L² alternatively occupying vertices. The magnetic studies indicated a weak ferromagnetic coupling interaction (<i>J</i> = 0.48 ± 0.087 cm⁻¹, <i>g</i> = 2.00, <i>θ</i> = −0.78 K) for <b>1</b> and a weak antiferromagnetic spin-exchange interaction (<i>J</i>₁ = −0.50 ± 0.075 cm⁻¹, <i>J</i>₂ = −0.13 ± 0.082 cm⁻¹, <i>g</i> = 1.98) between Mn(II) ions for <b>2</b>. The magnetostructural correlations of the two Mn₄ clusters have been discussed tentatively.</p

Additional file 1 of AMPKα2 promotes tumor immune escape by inducing CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and CD4+ Treg cell formation in liver hepatocellular carcinoma

Supplementary Material 1

Distribution of BMI in 930 IgAN patients.

<p>(A) BMI goups were separated by age categories in all patients with IgAN, and then divided into males (B) and females(C).</p

Underweight Is an Independent Risk Factor for Renal Function Deterioration in Patients with IgA Nephropathy

<div><p>Studies on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and renal progression in IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) were limited, especially for underweight patients with IgAN. To elucidate the clinical features and effect of underweight on renal function deterioration in this disease, we recruited IgAN patients with diagnostic age ≥18 years old and a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥15 ml/min/1.73m² from our center between 1985 and 2014. Patients secondary to systemic diseases or follow-up less than 6 months were excluded. All patients’ clinical data at renal biopsy and during follow-up were recorded. Renal outcome was defined as end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Baseline body mass index (BMI) was calculated by weight (kg) over squared height (m²). According to WHO Asian guideline, BMI was categorized as follows: <18.5kg/m² (underweight), 18.5–22.99kg/m² (normal weight), 23–27.49kg/m² (overweight) and obese (≥27.5 kg/m²). Of 930 primary IgAN patients enrolled in this study, mean age at renal biopsy was 37.6 years and 49.2% were men. Totally, 114 (12.3%) ESRD occurred after a mean follow-up of 47.1 months. More ESRD happened in underweight patients (17.3%) compared to patients with normal weight (13.2%), overweight (11.0%) or obesity (9.5%). By multivariate Cox regression analysis, underweight was independently associated with a higher risk of ESRD after adjustment for demographic characteristics and clinical variables (HR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.3–9.5, <i>P</i> = 0.01) comparing to normal weight. Underweight patients had lower hemoglobin, serum uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol and lymphocyte counts than patients with normal weight. Furthermore, BMI was positively correlated with serum C3 (r = 0.25, <i>p</i> <0.001). Our research finds that underweight is an independent risk factor for kidney disease progression in IgAN, which might be associated with malnutrition status and decreased C3 levels.</p></div

Compare baseline data among different BMI groups categorized by WHO Asian standard.

<p>Compare baseline data among different BMI groups categorized by WHO Asian standard.</p

Baseline clinical variables of IgAN patients and analysis of those indicators affect ESRD by univariate Cox regression.

<p>Baseline clinical variables of IgAN patients and analysis of those indicators affect ESRD by univariate Cox regression.</p

Correlation analysis assessed the relationship between any two indicators of BMI, serum C3, triglycerides and cholesterol.

<p>(A) Correlation between serum C3 levels and BMI at baseline; (B) Correlation between the normal conversion of triglycerides and serum C3 levels; (C) Correlation between cholesterol and serum C3 levels; (D) Correlation between BMI and normal conversion of triglycerides; (E) Correlation between BMI and cholesterol.</p

Hazard ratios and 95% CI presented different progressive risk in four BMI groups.

<p>Hazard ratios and 95% CI presented different progressive risk in four BMI groups.</p

Additional file 1 of Aberrant R-loop–mediated immune evasion, cellular communication, and metabolic reprogramming affect cancer progression: a single-cell analysis

Additional file 1. Supplementary Code

Reconstituting Intracellular Vesicle Fusion Reactions: The Essential Role of Macromolecular Crowding

Intracellular vesicle fusion is mediated by SNAREs and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins. Despite intensive efforts, the SNARE-SM mediated vesicle fusion reaction has not been faithfully reconstituted in biochemical assays. Here, we present an unexpected discovery that macromolecular crowding is required for reconstituting the vesicle fusion reaction in vitro. Macromolecular crowding is known to profoundly influence the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors of macromolecules, but its role in membrane transport processes such as vesicle fusion remains unexplored. We introduced macromolecular crowding agents into reconstituted fusion reactions to mimic the crowded cellular environment. In this crowded assay, SNAREs and SM proteins acted in concert to drive efficient membrane fusion. In uncrowded assays, by contrast, SM proteins failed to associate with the SNAREs and the fusion rate decreased more than 30-fold, close to undetectable levels. The activities of SM proteins were strictly specific to their cognate SNARE isoforms and sensitive to biologically relevant mutations, further supporting that the crowded fusion assay accurately recapitulates the vesicle fusion reaction. Using this crowded fusion assay, we also showed that the SNARE-SM mediated fusion reaction can be modulated by two additional factors: NSF and α-SNAP. These findings suggest that the vesicle fusion machinery likely has been evolutionarily selected to function optimally in the crowded milieu of the cell. Accordingly, macromolecular crowding should constitute an integral element of any reconstituted fusion assay