Effects of elevated CO₂ on the responses of leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and leaf respiration rate (R) to increasing temperatures at 7 d (a), 14 d (b), 21 d (c), and 28 d (d) of temperature treatment, primary vertical axis for Pn, secondary vertical axis for R.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO2 treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.2885 and 0.3068 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively, at 7 d, 0.3812 and 0.2818 at 14 d, 0.5131 and 0.3814 at 21 d, and 0.4642 and 0.4347 at 28 d.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) to leaf respiration rate (R) ratio (Pn/R) at different temperatures at 7 d (a), 14 d (b), 21 d (c), and 28 d (d) of temperature treatment, and the dotted line represents Pn/R ratio was 1.0.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on turf quality responses to increasing temperatures at 7 d (a), 14 d (b), 21 d (c), and 28 d (d) of temperature treatment.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.1198 and 0.0284 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively, at 7 d, 0.0283 and 0.0229 at 14 d, 0.1909 and 0.1685 at 21 d, and 0.1928 and 0.1732 at 28 d.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on total non-structural carbohydrates in leaves at 28 d of different temperature treatments.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.3392 and 0.3993 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on the responses of shoot dry weight (a), root dry weight (b), and root/shoot dry weight ratio (c) to increasing temperatures at 28 d of temperature treatment.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.7078 and 0.9462 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on the relative organic acids content in leaves at 28 d of different temperature treatments.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.0318 and 0.0171 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively.</p

Effects of elevated CO₂ on the relative soluble sugars content in leaves at 28 d of different temperature treatments.

<p>Vertical bars represent the values of least significant difference at p = 0.05 for comparison of CO₂ treatment effects at a given temperature. The LSD value for comparisons between temperature treatments was 0.0183 and 0.0223 under ambient and elevated CO₂ concentration, respectively.</p

Enhanced degradation of nitrobenzene by combined ultrasonic irradiation and a zero-valent zinc catalyst

<p>Enhanced ultrasonic catalytic activity in nitrobenzene degradation was found by combining ultrasonic irradiation and a zero-valent zinc (Zn⁰) catalyst. In this system, the influence of the reaction parameters, reaction kinetics, intermediates, and mechanism was investigated. Under the optimum conditions (initial nitrobenzene concentration of 0.01 mmol/L, Zn⁰ dosage of 0.4 g/L, initial pH 7, ultrasonic intensity 4.0 W/cm²), approximately 91.2% of nitrobenzene could be removed within 30 min. The degradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, and the reaction rate constant was 0.0670 min⁻¹. The mechanism of the synergetic effect of ultrasound and Zn⁰ was proposed. Three intermediates of nitrophenol, phenylhydroxylamine, and aniline were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The degradation pathways of hydroxyl radical oxidation and Zn⁰ reduction were deduced. This combined system is promising for the removal of nitrobenzene pollutants from water.</p

Sorption of tetracycline on biochar derived from rice straw under different temperatures

<div><p>Biochars produced from the pyrolysis of waste biomass under limited oxygen conditions could serve as adsorbents in environmental remediation processes. Biochar samples derived from rice straw that were pyrolyzed at 300 (R300), 500 (R500) and 700°C (R700) were used as adsorbents to remove tetracycline from an aqueous solution. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models fitted the adsorption data well (R² > 0.919). The adsorption capacity increased with pyrolysis temperature. The R500 and R700 samples exhibited relative high removal efficiencies across a range of initial tetracycline concentrations (0.5mg/L-32mg/L) with the maximum (92.8%–96.7%) found for adsorption on R700 at 35°C. The relatively high surface area of the R700 sample and π–π electron-donor acceptor contributed to the high adsorption capacities. A thermodynamic analysis indicated that the tetracycline adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The pH of solution was also found to influence the adsorption processes; the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at a pH of 5.5. These experimental results highlight that biochar derived from rice straw is a promising candidate for low-cost removal of tetracycline from water.</p></div

Thermodynamic parameters for tetracycline sorption on biochars with initial concentration of tetracycline changing from 0.5 mg/L to 32 mg/L.

<p>Thermodynamic parameters for tetracycline sorption on biochars with initial concentration of tetracycline changing from 0.5 mg/L to 32 mg/L.</p