Increasing the Modulation Depth of Gd^III-Based Pulsed Dipolar EPR Spectroscopy (PDS) with Porphyrin–Gd^III Laser-Induced Magnetic Dipole Spectroscopy

Distance determination with pulsed EPR has become an important technique for the structural investigation of biomacromolecules, with double electron–electron resonance spectroscopy (DEER) as the most important method. GdIII-based spin labels are one of the most frequently used spin labels for DEER owing to their stability against reduction, high magnetic moment, and absence of orientation selection. A disadvantage of GdIII–GdIII DEER is the low modulation depth due to the broad EPR spectrum of GdIII. Here, we introduce laser-induced magnetic dipole spectroscopy (LaserIMD) with a spin pair consisting of GdIII(PymiMTA) and a photoexcited porphyrin as an alternative technique. We show that the excited state of the porphyrin is not disturbed by the presence of the GdIII complex and that herewith modulation depths of almost 40% are possible. This is significantly higher than the value of 7.2% that was achieved with GdIII–GdIII DEER

The incidence of pulmonary TB cases in Xinjiang, from 2010–2013.

<p>The incidence of pulmonary TB cases in Xinjiang, from 2010–2013.</p

Clusters of the Anselin Local Moran’s I analysis, from 2010–2013.

<p>Clusters of the Anselin Local Moran’s I analysis, from 2010–2013.</p

Hotspot Analysis with Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, from 2008–2009.

<p>Hotspot Analysis with Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, from 2008–2009.</p

The trend of Global Moran`s I value for pulmonary TB incidence from 2005 to 2013.

<p>The trend of Global Moran`s I value for pulmonary TB incidence from 2005 to 2013.</p

The incidence of pulmonary TB cases in Xinjiang, from 2005–2009.

<p>The incidence of pulmonary TB cases in Xinjiang, from 2005–2009.</p

Seasonality of active tuberculosis notification from 2005 to 2014 in Xinjiang, China - Fig 1

<p>Original time series and X-12-ARIMA seasonal decomposition of monthly notification of active TB in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2014: original series (A) with trend (B), seasonal component (C), and irregular component (D).</p

Distribution of active TB notification in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2014 (Unit: thousand).

<p>Distribution of active TB notification in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2014 (Unit: thousand).</p

Coefficients of predictors and standard residuals of GWR.

<p>(A) Coefficients of proportion of minorities. (B) Coefficients of per capita GDP. (C) Standard residual of GWR.</p

Hotspot Analysis with Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, from 2010–2013.

<p>Hotspot Analysis with Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, from 2010–2013.</p