Thermodynamic Phase Diagram for the Yeast Cell–Cycle Network

<p>Native phase with global minimum G0/G1 state or steady state; non-native phase with states less overlapping with global minimum G0/G1 state or steady state; trapping phase with states trapped into the local minimum. The larger of δU/T and smaller of ΔU/T, or the larger <i>δ</i>U/ΔU, the more likely the global minimum G1 state is thermodynamically stable and robust.</p

Figure 3

<p>The Averaged Potential U as a Function of Similarity Parameter Q with Respect to the Global Minimum G1 State (or Global Steady State) of Potential U against Perturbations of Chemical Rate Coefficient Parameters with 10% Increase (Decrease), 20% Increase (Decrease)</p

Cell Cycle Network Scheme

<p>aa, amino acids; ∼P, ATP; Pi, inorganic phosphate</p

Figure 4

<p>The Free Energy as a Function of Overlap Parameter Q Relative to the Global Minimum G1 Steady-State Fixed Point at Low Temperature (50,000), Intermediate Temperature (77,500), and High Temperature (100,000)</p

The Global Structures and Properties of the Underlying Potential Landscape of the Yeast Cell–Cycle Network

<div><p>(A) The histogram or the distribution of the potential U.</p><p>(B) The potential landscape spectrum.</p><p>(C) The funnelled landscape of the yeast cell–cycle network.</p><p>(D) The averaged potential as a function of similarity parameter Q with respect to the global minimum G1 state (or global steady state) of potential U.</p><p>(E) The entropy as a function of similarity order parameter Q with respect to the global minimum G1 state (or global steady state) of the potential U.</p></div

Nondestructive Post-Treatment Enabled by <i>In Situ</i> Generated 2D Perovskites Derived from Multi-ammonium Molecule Vapor for High-Performance 2D/3D Bilayer Perovskite Solar Cells

Recently, two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) bilayer perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show a great potential for commercialization due to the combination of the fascinating photovoltaic performance of 3D perovskites and superior stability of 2D perovskites. However, it is a challenge to nondestructively construct 2D/3D bilayer perovskites, and the impact of the number of amine groups in ammonium spacer cations on the properties of 2D/3D bilayer perovskites has not been investigated. In this work, a novel interfacial post-treatment strategy is proposed to nondestructively fabricate 2D/3D bilayer perovskite films using the multi-ammonium molecule (MAM) vapor. Here, a series of MAMs with three to six amine groups (3 to 6N), including diethylenetriamine (DETA, 3N), triethylenetetramine (TETA, 4N), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA, 5N), and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA, 6N), are applied and compared. Benefiting from the strong interaction between MAMs and perovskites, the MAM vapor post-treatment can in situ generate Dion–Jacobson (DJ) 2D capping layers on the surface of 3D perovskite films. In comparison with the 3D perovskite film, such DJ 2D/3D perovskite films exhibit improved film quality, effectively passivated defects/traps, optimized interfacial band energy alignment, and mitigatory tensile strain. In particular, the number of amine groups in MAMs can dramatically influence the quality of DJ 2D/3D bilayer perovskite films and their corresponding photovoltaic performance. As the number of amine groups increases from DETA to PEHA, the efficiency and stability of PSCs are boosted significantly. Consequently, the PEHA-based DJ 2D/3D bilayer PSC delivers a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.79% with a negligible hysteresis effect, elevated reproducibility, and enhanced device stability. This work offers the reference for designing novel and effective MAMs for nondestructively fabricating high-performance 2D/3D bilayer PSCs

In Situ-Grown 2D Perovskite Based on π‑Conjugated Aggregation-Induced Emission Organic Spacer Boosting the Efficiency and Stability of 2D–3D Heterostructured Perovskite Solar Cells

The two-dimensional–three-dimensional (2D–3D) heterostructured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn widespread interest, wherein the organic spacer plays a significant role in the photovoltaic performance. Herein, a novel π-conjugated organic spacer with the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property, (Z)-2-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-(5-(4-(3-aminopropoxy)phenyl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile (BPCSA-S), is designed and synthesized, which is successfully applied for the in situ construction of 2D–3D heterostructured PSCs via the two-step solution method. By virtue of the functional groups (i.e., cyano, thiophene, and amino) in BPCSA-S, the BPCSA-S organic spacer can trigger the in situ growth of 2D perovskites, which will serve as the template for the heteroepitaxial growth of 3D perovskites, thus obtaining a 2D–3D heterostructured film with high-quality and few defects. More pleasingly, benefiting from the AIE property and delocalized π-electrons in the π-conjugated BPCSA-S organic spacer, excellent photosensitization process and carrier transport can be achieved. Consequently, the resultant 2D–3D heterostructured PSCs yield a pleasing PCE of 22.07%, accompanied by mitigatory hysteresis, as well as enhanced stability. Our research shows a hopeful multifunctional organic spacer approach using the novel π-conjugated AIE organic spacer for high-performance PSCs

Table_2_The Predictive Value of PAK7 Mutation for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Therapy in Non-Small Cell Cancer.xlsx

BackgroundTo date, immunotherapy has improved the 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from 4% to 15%. However, only 30%-50% of the NSCLC patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) immunotherapy. Therefore, screening patients for potential benefit with precise biomarkers may be of great value.MethodsFirst, an immunotherapy NSCLC cohort was analyzed to identify the gene mutations associated with the prognosis of ICI treatment. Further analyses were conducted using NSCLC cohort in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to validate the correlations between the specific gene mutations and tumor immunogenicity, antitumor immunity, and alterations in the tumor-related pathways using Cell-type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).ResultsIn the immunotherapy NSCLC cohort (n = 266), significantly longer overall survival (OS) rates were observed in the PAK7-mutant type (PAK7-MT) group (n = 13) than the PAK7-wild type (PAK7-WT) group (n = 253) (P = 0.049, HR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.23-0.79). In the TCGA cohort, PAK7 mutations were correlated with the higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) (14.18 vs. 7.13, P ConclusionsThis study suggested that the PAK7 mutations might be a potential biomarker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy for NSCLC patients. Considering the heterogeneity among the patients and other confounding factors, a prospective clinical trial is proposed to further validate the impact of PAK7 mutation on the immunotherapy outcomes in NSCLC.</p