Head structure of <i>Melanerpes Aurifrons</i> Golden-fronted Woodpecker.

<p>The photo is downloaded from (<a href="http://digimorph.org/specimens/Melanerpes_aurifrons/" target="_blank">http://digimorph.org/specimens/Melanerpes_aurifrons/</a>).</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy <i>E</i>_<i>r</i> and the deformation energy <i>E</i>_<i>w</i> of the whole head for the original model and the no-hyoid model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

Materials properties adopted.

<p>Materials properties adopted.</p

Curves of the contact force between the beak and the trunk for the original model and the no-hyoid model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity)</p

The contours of von Mises stress of the endoskeleton at different time under 1m/s impact velocity.

<p>(a) the original model and (b) the no-hyoid model. (The unit of the color bar is 1×10⁵<i>Pa</i>).</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy with time for the original, the no-hyoid, the stiffer muscle and the no-hyoid & stiffer muscle model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

Curves of the average SSS for the original, the no-hyoid, the stiffer muscle and the no-hyoid & stiffer muscle model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

The distribution of Young’s modulus of the hyoid bone.

<p>The distribution of Young’s modulus of the hyoid bone.</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy <i>E</i>_<i>r</i> of different components.

<p>(a) the original model and (b) the no-hyoid model. (under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

Curves of the average SSS weighted by mass (plotted with the left axis) and the deformation energy of the first cervical vertebra (plotted with the right axis) for the original model and the no-hyoid model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p