AMI en Latinoamérica Aproximación, análisis y propuesta de medición sobre el contexto de la Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional en América Latina

Esta tesis doctoral desarrolla una metodología para la evaluación de la alfabetización mediática e informacional (AMI), que se basa en los marcos propuestos por la UNESCO (2011, 2013) y la Comisión Europea (Celot y Pérez Tornero, 2009), brindando una adaptación de las recomendaciones diseñadas por estos dos grandes representantes de la AMI aplicable al contexto específico de América Latina. También hace una revisión de literatura sobre las teorías generales relacionadas con la alfabetización mediática e informacional, así como de estudios en AMI llevados a cabo en diferentes países, principalmente en los once seleccionados para esta investigación. De esta manera, se plantea un enfoque amplio sobre la AMI que tiene en cuenta diversos autores e instituciones que trabajan en este campo (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot y Pérez-Tornero 2009; Lau y Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, entre otros). Teorías relacionadas con la edu-comunicación, la alfabetización mediática, estudios de medios, alfabetización informacional, alfabetización TIC/digital, alfabetizaciones múltiples, etc., han sido comparadas y analizadas. El resultado es la creación de un marco teórico sólido tanto sobre la competencia mediática como sobre la evaluación del contexto AMI. El estudio se basa en un profundo análisis de contenidos que sistematiza variables relacionadas con políticas públicas, planes de estudios, planes nacionales en TIC, seguridad cibernética y elementos relacionados con la AMI en general (alfabetización informacional, alfabetización digital, competencia mediática) en los once países estudiados. También tiene en cuenta un amplio cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 44 expertos en AMI provenientes de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. La investigación muestra cómo los países de América Latina se están adaptando a la sociedad del conocimiento -a velocidades bastante diferentes- y describe (y se centra en ello) un escenario de rápido movimiento en el que se observa la manera en que algunos países de la región comienzan a concentrar sus esfuerzos en acciones que van más allá de la fase embrionaria de generación de oportunidades de acceso a las TIC (infraestructura TI en general, programas 1:1, ciber-centros, construcción de redes, etc.). También muestra cómo los países del mismo nivel de ingresos (medio-alto) han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias digitales que, en algunos casos, han conducido a resultados de alto impacto. El resultado de esta investigación es una propuesta de "Índice de preparación AMI" y un amplio primer mapeo de los factores que favorecen a la AMI en la región.This thesis develops an assessment methodology on Media and Information Literacy (MIL), which is based on the frameworks proposed by UNESCO (2011, 2013) and the European Commission (Celot & Pérez Tornero, 2009), adapting the directions given by these two major representatives in the field of MIL to the specific context of Latin America. It also makes a literature review on media and information literacy general theories as well as on MIL studies carried out in different countries, mainly in the eleven selected for this research. A broad approach to MIL is drafted taking into account several authors and institutions working on this field (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot & Pérez-Tornero, 2009; Lau & Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, among others). Theories related to edu-communication, media literacy, media studies, information literacy, digital/ICT literacy, multiple literacies, etc. have been compared and analyzed. The result is the creation of a robust theoretical framework both on media competence and on MIL context assessment. The study relies on a deep content analysis that systematizes variables related to public policy, school curriculum, ICT plans, cyber-security, and media and information literacy elements (informational literacy, digital literacy, media competence) in the eleven countries studied. It also takes into account a comprehensive questionnaire with a sample of 44 MIL experts from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. The research shows how countries in Latin America are adapting to the Knowledge Society -at very different speeds- and describes (and focuses on) a fast-moving scenario where some countries of the region are starting to concentrate their efforts on actions that go beyond the embryonic stage of generating opportunities to access ICT (general IT infrastructure, 1:1 programs, cyber-centers, networks building, etc.). It also shows how countries on the same income level (mid-high) have run very different digital strategies which, in some cases, have led to high impact outcomes. The result of this research is a "MIL Readiness Index" proposal and a rich first mapping of the MIL enabling factors in the region

NMR Applications for Botanical Mixtures: The Use of HSQC Data to Determine Lignan Content in <i>Sambucus williamsii</i>

Lignans found in the botanical extract of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Sambucus williamsii Hance exhibit protective effects on trabecular bone mass and mechanical strength of cortical bone of ovariectomized rats. A novel approach was adapted using HSQC NMR methods to estimate the total amount of these bioactives in a complex mixture. It was determined that lignans possessing the hydroxy- or oxybenzyl carbon signal were bioactive. These compounds were readily identified and assigned in a defined region of the 13C NMR spectrum at 80–90 ppm and calculated as 10–15% of the lignan-rich fraction of S. williamsii. Comparison of the peak heights of the oxybenzyl-substituted carbon resonance signals of the lignans in the botanical extract was made against those of a standard lignan pinoresinol. The application of this simple and reliable NMR method can be used to estimate amounts of related compounds and chemical families in complex mixtures or botanical extracts and offers measurable scientific evidence in quality processes. This is of particular importance for registration requirements of botanical drugs and in complex mixtures of botanical extracts

Three new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of <i>Ardisia crenata</i> and their cytotoxic activities

<p>Three new triterpenoid saponins, ardisicrenoside <b>O</b> (<b>1</b>), ardisicrenoside <b>P</b> (<b>2</b>) and ardisicrenoside <b>Q</b> (<b>3</b>) together with three known compounds, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-30-methoxy-28, 30-epoxy-olean-12-en, cyclamiretin A 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2) -α-l-arabinopyranoside and cyclamiretin A 3-<i>O</i>-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4) -α-l-arabinopyranoside were isolated from the roots of <i>Ardisia crenata</i> Sims. Their structures were determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, including HSQC, HMBC and TOCSY experiments, as well as acid hydrolysis and GC analysis. All isolates were evaluated for the cytotoxic activities on two human cancer cell lines and compounds <b>3, 5</b> and <b>6</b> showed significant cytotoxicity.</p

Puberunine and Puberudine, Two New C₁₈-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from <i>Aconitum barbatum</i> var. <i>puberulum</i>

Two C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloids, puberunine (<b>1</b>) and puberudine (<b>2</b>), together with four other new alkaloids, including the first examples having β-oriented substitution at C-3 and a rare chloro-substituent were isolated from <i>Aconitum barbatum</i> var. <i>puberulum</i>. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Puberunine and puberudine, which possess a unique rearranged E ring and an opened A ring, respectively, represent new subtypes of the C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloids. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> was proposed

NMR Applications for Botanical Mixtures: The Use of HSQC Data to Determine Lignan Content in <i>Sambucus williamsii</i>

Lignans found in the botanical extract of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Sambucus williamsii Hance exhibit protective effects on trabecular bone mass and mechanical strength of cortical bone of ovariectomized rats. A novel approach was adapted using HSQC NMR methods to estimate the total amount of these bioactives in a complex mixture. It was determined that lignans possessing the hydroxy- or oxybenzyl carbon signal were bioactive. These compounds were readily identified and assigned in a defined region of the 13C NMR spectrum at 80–90 ppm and calculated as 10–15% of the lignan-rich fraction of S. williamsii. Comparison of the peak heights of the oxybenzyl-substituted carbon resonance signals of the lignans in the botanical extract was made against those of a standard lignan pinoresinol. The application of this simple and reliable NMR method can be used to estimate amounts of related compounds and chemical families in complex mixtures or botanical extracts and offers measurable scientific evidence in quality processes. This is of particular importance for registration requirements of botanical drugs and in complex mixtures of botanical extracts

Dioxasampsones A and B, Two Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Unusual Epoxy-Ring-Fused Skeleton from Hypericum sampsonii

Dioxasampsones A and B (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with an unusual epoxy-ring-fused skeleton by new ways of cyclization, along with a new nor-PPAPs hypersampson R (<b>3</b>) with the loss of C-31–33 in isopentenyl, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. <b>1</b> possessed an unexpected hexacyclic skeleton with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]­heptane moiety, and <b>2</b> featured a unique tetrahydrofuro­[3,4-<i>b</i>]­furan-fused tricycle­[4.3.1.1^5,7]­undecane skeleton. The gross structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods. Their absolute configurations were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculations

Matteuinterins A–C, three new glycosides from the rhizomes of <i>Matteuccia intermedia</i>

Phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of Matteuccia intermedia C.Chr. led to the isolation of three new compounds, named matteuinterins A–C (1–3), together with seven known compounds (4–10). Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR analyses and chemical derivatization. Compounds 5–10 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities on PGE2 release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Compounds 5 and 10 exhibited inhibitory effect on PGE2 production in LPS-activated murine macrophages with IC50 values of 17.8 ± 1.5 and 30.3 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. </p

Norsampsones A–D, Four New Decarbonyl Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols from <i>Hypericum sampsonii</i>

Norsampsones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), four new decarbonyl polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, together with a new biogenetically related compound hypersampsone M (<b>5</b>), were isolated from the aerial parts of <i>Hypericum sampsonii</i>. Norsampsones A–D featured an unprecedented carbon skeleton with the loss of C-2 carbonyl in the phloroglucinol ring. All structures were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction

Two new alcohol glycosides from the roots of <i>Paeonia intermedia</i> C. A. Meyer

Two new alcohol glycosides, 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-deoxypaeonisuffrone (1) and 9-O-β-d-apiofuranoyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-xanthoarnol (2), together with eight known compounds (3–10), have been isolated from the dried roots of Paeonia intermedia C. A. Meyer. Their structures were mainly elucidated on the basis of ESIMS, one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. Antibacterial activities of compounds 1–10 were evaluated, and compounds 9 and 10 showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus argenteus CMCC26003 and Escherichia coli CMCC44103.</p

Dioxasampsones A and B, Two Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Unusual Epoxy-Ring-Fused Skeleton from Hypericum sampsonii

Dioxasampsones A and B (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with an unusual epoxy-ring-fused skeleton by new ways of cyclization, along with a new nor-PPAPs hypersampson R (<b>3</b>) with the loss of C-31–33 in isopentenyl, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. <b>1</b> possessed an unexpected hexacyclic skeleton with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]­heptane moiety, and <b>2</b> featured a unique tetrahydrofuro­[3,4-<i>b</i>]­furan-fused tricycle­[4.3.1.1^5,7]­undecane skeleton. The gross structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods. Their absolute configurations were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculations