88 research outputs found

    Genetic Differentiation of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase <i>c</i> Subunit I Gene in Genus <i>Paramecium</i> (Protista, Ciliophora)

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    <div><p>Background</p><p>The mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) gene is being used increasingly for evaluating inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity of ciliated protists. However, very few studies focus on assessing genetic divergence of the <i>COI</i> gene within individuals and how its presence might affect species identification and population structure analyses.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>We evaluated the genetic variation of the <i>COI</i> gene in five <i>Paramecium</i> species for a total of 147 clones derived from 21 individuals and 7 populations. We identified a total of 90 haplotypes with several individuals carrying more than one haplotype. Parsimony network and phylogenetic tree analyses revealed that intra-individual diversity had no effect in species identification and only a minor effect on population structure.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our results suggest that the <i>COI</i> gene is a suitable marker for resolving inter- and intra-specific relationships of <i>Paramecium</i> spp.</p></div

    Phylogenetic tree of the barcoding region of 263 cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) gene sequences of the genus <i>Paramecium</i> and genera <i>Lembadion</i> and, <i>Tetrahymena</i> inferred by Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis based on dataset <i>COI</i>-f.

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    <p>The branches are shaded according to subgenera <i>Chloroparamecium</i>, <i>Helianter</i>, <i>Cypriostomum</i>, <i>Paramecium</i>, proposed by Fokin <i>et al. </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044-Fokin1" target="_blank">[28]</a>. The scale bar corresponds to 30 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. For <i>P. bursaria</i>, Clade H includes populations sampled from Australia, Germany, and Poland; Clade I and J include populations sampled from Russia and Poland, Germany, Ukraine, and Canada; Clade K includes populations sampled from China (Pb1C1-4 & Pb2C &Pb3C2-3), Austria, Japan, and Italy; Clade L includes populations sampled from China (Pb3C1), Russia, and Japan (see details in Fig. S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044.s003" target="_blank">file S3</a>). For <i>P.caudatum</i>, Clade A includes populations sampled from China (PcC1-4 and AM072774), Australia, USA, and Brazil while members of Clade B were sampled from Germany, Italy, Russia, UK, Norway, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria (see details in Fig. S3 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044.s003" target="_blank">file S3</a>). Inconsistent sequences (FJ905146, FJ905147, EU056259, EU056258, DQ837977, DQ837982, JF741258, JF304183) are marked in red <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044-Tarcz1" target="_blank">[14]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044-Barth3" target="_blank">[42]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone.0077044-StrderKypke2" target="_blank">[47]</a>.</p

    Haplotype network of <i>Paramecium bursaria</i> generated on the basis of the maximum-likelihood tree.

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    <p>Black circles indicate intermediate or unsampled haplotypes, while lines between points represent nucleotide substitutions. Wherever there are more than four substitutions, they are indicated by numbers. Clades K, L, H, I, J are marked to match the corresponding clades in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077044#pone-0077044-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>. Colored circles and squares indicate haplotypes whose size is proportional to the number of individuals showing that haplotype. Haplotype_7 is represented by 4 clones of Pb1C1; haplotype_14 is represented by 4 clones of Pb1C2 and 7 clones of Pb1C3; haplotype_22 is represented by 5 clones of Pb1C4 and 3 clones of Pb2C1; haplotype_25 is represented by 3 clones of Pb3C1.</p

    Haplotype network of <i>Paramecium</i> sp. (A) based on the dataset <i>COI</i>_nw, <i>P. nephridiatum</i> (B) based on dataset <i>COI</i>_nn, <i>P. duboscqui</i> (C), based on dataset <i>COI</i>_nd and <i>P. caudatum</i> (D) based on dataset <i>COI</i>_nc generated on the basis of the maximum-likelihood tree.

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    <p>Each line between points represents a single mutational step. A haplotype is represented by a circle whose size is proportional to the number of individuals showing that haplotype. Haplotypes are colored to match the respective population in the map. A) Haplotype_1 is represented by 2 clones of PwC1; Haplotype_3 is represented by 4 clones of PwC1 and 2 clones of PwC2; B) Haplotype_4 is represented by 1 clone of PdC1, 1 clone of PdC2, 1 clone of PdC3 and 2 clones of PdC4; C) Haplotype_2 is represented by 4 clones of PnC1 and 1 clone of PnC3; D) Haplotype_6 is represented by 4 clones of PcC1 and 5 clones of PcC3; Haplotype_9 is represented by 6 clones of PcC2 and 5 clones of PcC4; Haplotype_13 is represented by 3 clones of PcC3.</p

    Variable site details of <i>Paramecium bursaria</i> and <i>Paramecium caudatum</i>.

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    <p>Alignment of amplified <i>COI</i> sequences (primer binding regions excluded) based on datasets <i>COI</i>_nb and <i>COI</i>_nc. The nucleotides shaded with rectangles and circles are used to illustrate the levels of diversity found among different clones.</p

    Data_Sheet_1_Commercial Fiber Products Derived Free-Standing Porous Carbonized-Membranes for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation.pdf

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    Herein, the free-standing porous carbonized-membranes (CMs) derived from a series of commercial fiber products including airlaid papers, cellulose papers and cleanroom wipers by one-step carbonization at 160°C have for the first time explored as independent solar absorbers to realize highly efficient solar steam generation. These newly-developed CMs not only exhibit the strong absorption (low reflectance) and rapid transport of vapor/liquid, but also possess the restricted thermal diffusion. All these merits render CMs with excellent evaporation performance for solar steam generation. Particularly, the CMs derived from carbonized cellulose papers (CCPs) exhibits the best performance, which affords the water evaporation rate of 0.959 kg·m−2·h−1 and the energy conversion efficiency of 65.8% under 1 kW·m−2 solar illumination, due to the higher light absorption (92.20%) and lower thermal conductivity (0.031 W·m-1·K-1) competing favorable with those of the Au nanoparticles-loaded airlaid papers (Au-APs, 0.856 kg·m−2·h−1, 58.7%). Due to the low-cost, recyclability and highly efficient evaporation performance, the CMs, especially the CCPs, show great potential as solar absorbers for large-scale application of solar steam generation.</p

    Decomposition of refractory aniline aerofloat collector in aqueous solution by an ozone/vacuum-UV (O<sub>3</sub>/VUV) process

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    The degradation of refractory aniline aerofloat (AAF) collector was investigated by an ozone/Vacuum-UV (O3/VUV) process. The effects of O3 dosage and initial pH on the AAF degradation were studied. The total organic carbon (TOC) and concentrations of SO42−, PO43− and NO3− anions were measured to evaluate the AAF mineralization. The solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPE/GC–MS) was developed to identify byproducts. The results showed that 99.84% of AAF could be removed by the O3/VUV, and the AAF degradation was enhanced at higher O3 dosage and initial solution pH. The radical scavenging tests revealed that most of AAF was degraded by OH• radicals, and the O3/UV254nm made the main contribution in AAF degradation in the O3/VUV system. The mineralization extents of C, S, P and N elements of AAF at 180 min reached 47.74%, 93.94%, 17.71% and 45.81%, respectively. At initial pH > 10.0, the EE/O values of AAF degradation by the O3/VUV was below 7.0 kWh m−3 per order, showing the energy consumption was acceptable. The SPE/GC–MS analysis showed that toxic aniline was generated in the O3/VUV oxidation of AAF, but it was further degraded at a longer time. Compared to the ozonation, the O3/VUV had a much lower content of aniline at 180 min. The possible degradation pathways of AAF by the O3/VUV were proposed.</p

    Supplementary Material from UV<sub>185+254 nm</sub> photolysis of typical thiol collectors: decomposition efficiency, mineralization and formation of sulfur byproducts

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    The decomposition of toxic flotation reagents upon UV185+254 nm irradiation was attractive due to operational simplicity and no dosage of oxidants. In this work, the degradation of typical thiol collectors (potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX), sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (SDD), O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IET) and dianilino dithiophoshoric acid (DDA)) was investigated by the UV185+254 nm photolysis. The degradation efficiencies and mineralization extents of collectors were assessed. The formation of CS2 and H2S byproducts was studied, and the mechanisms of collector degradation were proposed under UV185+254 nm irradiation. The PEX, SDD and IET were decomposed with nearly 100% removal upon 75 min of UV185+254 nm irradiation. The decomposition rate constants decreased in the order SDD > PEX > IET ≫ DDA, and the DDA was the refractory collector. After 120 min of UV185+254 nm irradiation, 15‒45% of carbon and 25‒75% of sulfur of collectors were completely mineralized, and the mineralization extent decreased in the order PEX > SDD > IET > DDA. The percentage of gaseous sulfur (CS2 and H2S) was ranged from 0.48 to 4.85% for four collectors, showing the fraction of emitted sulfur byproducts was small. The aqueous CS2 concentration increased in first 10‒20 min, and was decreased to a low level of 0.05‒0.1 mgl−1 at 120 min. Two mechanisms, i.e. direct UV254 nm photolysis and indirect oxidation with free radicals, were responsible for collector decomposition in the UV185+254 nm photolysis

    <i>Kentrophyllum strumosum</i> sp. n.; living individual (A-D, E-G, I, J) and cells stained with protargol (H, K, L).

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    <p><b>A.</b> Right lateral view of representative specimen. <b>B.</b> Left lateral view, showing distribution of extrusomes and warts (arrowheads). <b>C, D.</b> Ciliary patterns of right (C) and left (D) side; arrows, perioral kinety 2. <b>E.</b> Right lateral view, showing erose posterior (double arrowheads) and warts (arrowheads). <b>F, I.</b> Anterior part of left side showing extrusomes in the warts and suture (arrowhead). <b>G.</b> Posterior part of left side showing grooves (arrowheads) and erose posterior (double arrowheads). <b>H.</b> Anterior part of right side indicating suture (arrows). <b>J.</b> Lateral side view, showing the arched left side (arrowhead). <b>K.</b> Posterior part of left side, showing suture (arrowheads). <b>L.</b> Right lateral view, showing perioral kinety 2 (arrowheads). Ma, macronuclear nodules. DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2. Scale bars, 100 μm.</p

    <i>Kentrophyllum bispinum</i> sp. n.; living individual (A-D, E, F, I) and cells stained with protargol (G, H, J, K).

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    <p><b>A.</b> Right lateral view of representative specimen. <b>B.</b> Distribution of extrusomes and developed nematodesmata (arrowhead). <b>C, D.</b> Ciliary patterns of right (C) and left (D) side; arrowheads, perioral kinety 2. <b>E, I.</b> Right lateral view. Arrows, contractile vacuoles; arrowheads, double-spines. <b>F.</b> Right lateral view, showing the extrusomes (arrowheads). <b>G.</b> Anterior part of right side, showing the anterior suture (arrowheads). <b>H.</b> Anterior part of right side; arrows indicate the perioral kinety 1. <b>J.</b> Posterior part of left side showing the posterior suture (arrowheads). <b>K.</b> Distribution of extrusomes; arrowheads, oral slit. Ma, macronuclear nodules; DB, dorsal brush; PK1, perioral kinety 1; PK2, perioral kinety 2. Scale bars, 100 μm.</p
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