Hindered Phenol Derivative as a Multifunctional Additive in Lithium Complex Grease

This paper describes 3-(3,5-Di<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid 2-(4-meth yl-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl ester (BHMT) as a high-performance multifunctional additive in lithium complex grease (LCG). The tribological properties and antioxidant behaviors of BHMT were evaluated by the tribological test and thermal analysis, respectively, and compared with those of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). The tribochemical film BHMT generated on the worn surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Tribological results indicated that BHMT exhibited better friction-reduction and antiwear properties than ZDDP. The thermal analysis demonstrated that the antioxidation ability of BHMT was superior to that of ZDDP. Moreover, XPS results showed that lubrication film composed of iron oxide, iron sulfate, and nitrogen oxide was formed on the worn surface, which was an explicit explanation of the tribochemical mechanism of BHMT

Protein-Mediated Layer-by-Layer Synthesis of TiO₂(B)/Anatase/Carbon Coating on Nickel Foam as Negative Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Battery

Through an aqueous, protein-mediated layer-by-layer titania deposition process, we have fabricated a protamine/titania composite layer on nickel foam. The coating was composed of amorphous carbon and TiO₂(B)/anatase nanoparticles and formed upon organic pyrolysis under a reducing atmosphere (5% H₂–Ar mixture). X-ray diffraction analyses, Auger electron spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the obtained coatings contained fine monoclinic TiO₂(B) and anatase nanocrystals, along with amorphous carbon. Moreover, the coating can be used as a binder-free negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries and exhibits high reversible capacity and fast charge–discharge properties; a reversible capacity of 245 mAh g^–1 was obtained at a current density of 50 mA g^–1, and capacities of 167 and 143 mAh g^–1 were obtained at current densities of 1 and 2 A g^–1, respectively

Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Bifunctional Material for Removing Bisphenols: Synergistic Effect between Adsorption and Catalysis

Nitrogen modified reduced graphene oxide (N-RGO) was prepared by a hydrothermal method. The nitrogen modification enhanced its adsorption and catalysis ability. For an initial bisphenol concentration of 0.385 mmol L^–1, the adsorption capacity of N-RGO was evaluated as 1.56 and 1.43 mmol g^–1 for bisphenol A (BPA) and 1.43 mmol g^–1 for bisphenol F (BPF), respectively, both of which were about 1.75 times that (0.90 and 0.84 mmol g^–1) on N-free RGO. N-RGO could activate persulfate, producing strong oxidizing sulfate radicals. The apparent degradation rate constant of BPA on N-RGO was 0.71 min^–1, being about 700 times that (0.001 min^–1) on N-free RGO. In mixtures of various phenols, the degradation rate constant of each phenol was linearly increased with its adsorption capacity. A simultaneous use of N-RGO and persulfate yielded fast and efficient removal of bisphenols. The use of N-RGO (120 mg L^–1) and persulfate (0.6 mmol L^–1) almost completely removed the added bisphenols (0.385 mmol L^–1) at pH 6.6 within 17 min. A mechanism study indicated that the adsorption enriched the pollutant, and the catalytically generated sulfate radicals rapidly degrade the adsorbed pollutant, accelerating in turn the adsorption of residual pollutant

Synthesis of Anatase TiO₂ Nanosheets with Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Contribution for Fast Lithium Storage

Anatase TiO₂ nanosheets (ATNs) are successfully prepared by a biomimetic layer-by-layer titania mineralization approach, and the electrochemical performance of the ATNs as negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries is investigated by the galvanostatic chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry. A high initial discharge capacity (311 mA h g^–1) and initial Coulombic efficiency (81.7%) were obtained for ATNs, and capacities of 252, 202, 186, 158, 136, and 119 mA h g^–1 were obtained at 0.2, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 C, respectively. Particularly, the ATNs can still maintains a capacity of 108 mA h g^–1 after 4000 cycles at 30 C (only a capacity loss of 10%), which indicated a superior rate capabilities and cyclability. The CVs analysis revealed that the ANTs have both diffusive lithium storage in the bulk and pseudocapacitive lithium storage at the surface (also called interfacial lithium storage), and the pseudocapacitive lithium storage dominates the total capacity when the scan rates are above 1 mV s^–1. The fast and stable lithium storage of ATNs might be attributed to the high pseudocapacitive lithium storage contribution in the material, and it was suggested the pseudocapacitive lithium storage could occurred at grain–grain interfaces as well as nanosheet surfaces

E-Cigarette Awareness, Use, and Harm Perception among Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The aim of this study is to systematically review the published literature on the awareness, previous and current use, and harm perceptions of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adults.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A search of the most current literature using the PubMed and Scopus database to identify articles published since 2003 yielded a total of 28 relevant articles.</p><p>Results</p><p>The pooled prevalence of awareness, previous use, current use of e-cigarettes and perceived healthier of e-cigarettes than regular cigarettes (healthier perception) among adults were 61.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.5–70.8%), 16.8% (95% CI: 14.0–19.6%), 11.1% (95% CI: 9.2–13.1%), and 52.6% (95% CI: 42.5–62.6%), respectively, using a random effects model. The subgroup analysis showed that pooled estimates were highest in the group of current smokers of regular cigarettes, except that the highest pooled rate of current use was seen in the group of former smokers of regular cigarettes (the corresponding rates were 71.9% (95% CI: 57.5–86.3%), 27.2% (95% CI: 18.8–35.6%), 16.8% (95% CI: 7.2–26.3%), and 63.1% (95% CI: 52.1–74.1%)), and the lowest pooled rates were in the group of non-smokers, except for the rate of healthier perception in the users of e-cigarettes (and the corresponding rates were 46.8% (95% CI: 26.8–66.8%), 2.5% (95% CI: 1.1–5.6%), 1.2% (95% CI: 0.4–2.1%), and 37.9% (95% CI: -0.5–76.3%)). The cumulative meta-analysis found that awareness increased over time, while the prevalence of previous use, current use, and healthier perception first experienced an increase followed by a decrease and remained stable thereafter.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>E-cigarette awareness has been increasing, and e-cigarette use and perceived health risks are nearly invariable between 2009 and 2014. Given the substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence rate estimates, there is a need for more accurate and comparable prevalence estimates for e-cigarettes across the world.</p></div

Tribological Properties of Alkylphenyl Diphosphates as High-Performance Antiwear Additive in Lithium Complex Grease and Polyurea Grease for Steel/Steel Contacts at Elevated Temperature

The alkylphenyl diphosphates pentaerythritol tetrakis­(diphenyl phosphate) (PDP) and trimethylolpropane tris­(diphenyl phosphate) (TDP) were evaluated as the antiwear additives in lithium complex grease and polyurea grease at 200 °C. The results indicated that both additives may effectively reduce the sliding friction and wear as compared to the base greases. The tribological performances were generally better than the normally used molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-based additive package in lithium complex grease and also in polyurea grease. Boundary lubrication films composed of Fe­(OH)­O, Fe₃O₄, FePO₄, and compounds containing the P–O bonds were formed on the worn surface, which resulted in excellent friction reduction and antiwear performance

Cumulative meta-analysis of 26 studies’ harm perception of e-cigarettes by subgroups of different smoking status.

<p>Cumulative meta-analysis of 26 studies’ harm perception of e-cigarettes by subgroups of different smoking status.</p

Cumulative meta-analysis of 38 studies’ current use of e-cigarettes by subgroups of different smoking status.

<p>Cumulative meta-analysis of 38 studies’ current use of e-cigarettes by subgroups of different smoking status.</p

Description of the individual studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Description of the individual studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

Pooled estimates for awareness, previous use, current use and healthier perception of e-cigarette using D+L random effect models.

<p>Pooled estimates for awareness, previous use, current use and healthier perception of e-cigarette using D+L random effect models.</p