Effects of the reattachment on dry galloping in the critical Reynolds number range

This paper was reviewed and accepted by the APCWE-IX Programme Committee for Presentation at the 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, held from 3-7 December 2017

Effect of Ca²⁺ Ion and Temperature on Association of Thermally Sensitive PAA-<i>b</i>-PNIPAM Diblock Chains in Aqueous Solutions

Poly­(<i>tert</i>-butyl acrylate)-<i>b</i>-poly­(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (PtBA-<i>b</i>-PNIPAM) was first synthesized by sequential reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of <i>tert</i>-butyl acrylate and <i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide. Its hydrolysis led to amphiphilic poly­(acrylic acid)-<i>b</i>-poly­(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (PAA-<i>b</i>-PNIPAM) that can form micelles in aqueous solutions at temperatures higher than 37 °C because PNIPAM is a thermally sensitive polymer. In the presence of Ca²⁺, the complexation between one Ca²⁺ and two COO^– groups on different PAA blocks can induce the chain association. Using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering, we studied the effect of Ca²⁺ and temperature as well as the sequence of adding Ca²⁺ ions and heating the solution on such association. We found that (1) the association is controllable and reversible, (2) a distinct hysteresis is observed between the heating and cooling processes, (3) the time evolution of the average aggregation number (<i>N</i>_agg) and the average hydrodynamic radius (⟨<i>R</i>_h⟩) of the aggregates can be expressed by a single-exponential equation, (4) the aggregates have a fractal dimension of 1.5–1.9, suggesting a diffusion-limited process, and (5) adding Ca²⁺ before heating results in the aggregates with a more open and looser structure. The current study provides a model system to investigate a more complicate problem, namely, the effect of metal ions on the stability of protein chains

Closest relatives of sequenced <i>g20</i> clones from different paddy floodwaters at the amino acid level.

<p>Closest relatives of sequenced <i>g20</i> clones from different paddy floodwaters at the amino acid level.</p

Three-dimensional principal coordinate analysis of <i>g20</i> clone sequences of cyanophage communities obtained from marine waters (<i>blue circles</i>), lake freshwaters (<i>red circles</i>), and paddy fields (<i>green circles</i>).

<p>The <i>percentages</i> in the axis labels represent the percentages of variation explained by the principal coordinates.</p

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of <i>g20</i> amino acid sequence from paddy floodwaters in NE China with from those from lake freshwaters (Dorigo et al. 2004; Short and Suttle 2005; Wilhelm et al. 2006; Zhong and Jacquet 2013; Yeo and Gin, unpublished data which were submitted in Jan 15, 2013), paddy floodwaters in Japan (Wang et al. 2010), paddy field soils in Japan (Wang et al. 2011) and marine waters (Fuller et al. 1998; Zhong et al. 2002; Marston and Sallee 2003; Wang and Chen 2004; Mann et al. 2005; Short and Suttle 2005; Li and Li, unpublished data which were submitted in Jun 16, 2013).

<p><i>Green triangles</i> and <i>blue circles</i> indicate <i>g20</i> clones obtained from lake freshwater and marine water, respectively; <i>Black</i> and <i>white square boxes</i> indicate <i>g20</i> clones obtained from paddy field soils in Japan and paddy floodwaters in Japan, respectively; <i>White triangles</i> indicate <i>g20</i> clones obtained from paddy floodwaters in NE China. The <i>number in parentheses</i> denotes the accession number of amino acid sequences in the NCBI website. Bootstrap values <50 are not shown. The scale bar represents the number of amino acid substitutions per residue.</p

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of <i>g20</i> amino acid sequences from paddy floodwaters in NE China with those from Japanese paddy floodwaters (Wang et al. 2010) and paddy field soils (Wang et al.2011).

<p><i>Brown</i> and <i>white square boxes</i> indicate <i>g20</i> clones obtained from paddy field soils in Japan and paddy floodwaters in Japan, respectively; <i>green triangles</i> indicate <i>g20</i> clones obtained from paddy floodwaters in NE China; <i>JP</i> and <i>CN</i> represent Japan and China, respectively; <i>PFW</i> and <i>PFS</i> represent paddy floodwater and paddy field soil, respectively. Bootstrap values <50 are not shown. The scale bar represents the number of amino acid substitutions per residue.</p

Three-dimensional principal coordinate analysis of <i>g20</i> clone sequences of cyanophage communities obtained from paddy floodwaters in NE China (<i>dark green circles</i>) and from Japanese paddy floodwaters (<i>light green circles</i>) and paddy soils (<i>brown circles</i>).

<p>The <i>percentages</i> in the axis labels represent the percentage of variation explained by the principal coordinates.</p

L-Phenylalanine Based Low-Molecular-Weight Efficient Organogelators and Their Selective Gelation of Oil from Oil/Water Mixtures

<div><p>Two L-phenylalanine based compounds containing different alkyl chains (designated as <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>) were synthesized and their gelation properties were examined. Gelation test showed that <b>2</b> with longer hydrocarbon chain functioned as better gelator than <b>1</b> with shorter hydrocarbon chain because of its lower critical gelation concentration (CGC) values in the most of solvents tested. The morphologies of some xerogels were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the molecular packing model of LMOGs in the organogel was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR analysis revealed that the van der Waals interaction between the alkyl chains and the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the amide groups and the carboxy groups should be an important driving force for the formation of the organogels. Interestingly, two compounds also showed phase-selective gelation of the solvents from their mixtures with water. </p></div

The distribution characteristics of the major capsid gene (<i>g23</i>) of T4-type phages in paddy floodwater in Northeast China

<p>Our previous study revealed the high diversity of the major capsid gene (<i>g23</i>) of T4-type phages that existed in the paddy field soils in Northeast China. In this study, the phylogeny and genetic diversity of the <i>g23</i> gene in the paddy floodwater samples collected from five sampling sites at three sampling times during the rice (<i>Oryza</i> <i>sativa</i> L.) growth season in Northeast China are reported. In total, 104 different <i>g23</i> clones were isolated, among which 50% of the clones exhibited the highest identities with the clones retrieved in paddy soils and upland black soils. The remaining clones had the highest identities with lake origins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 43% of the <i>g23</i> clones grouped into three novel subgroups which included the clones unique to paddy floodwater, and no <i>g23</i> sequences obtained in paddy floodwater fell into the paddy soil groups II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and NPC-A. UniFrac analysis of <i>g23</i> clone assemblages demonstrated that T4-type phage communities in paddy floodwater were changed spatially and temporally, and the communities were different from those in paddy soils. Further comparison of the <i>g23</i> clone assemblages from different environments demonstrated that T4-type phages were biogeographically distributed, and the distribution was both affected by geographical separation and ecological processes across the biomes.</p

Elevated CO₂ alters distribution of nodal leaf area and enhances nitrogen uptake contributing to yield increase of soybean cultivars grown in Mollisols - Fig 4

<p>Distribution of leaf area duration from R4 to R5 (a) and from R5 to R6 (b) along the main axis (values on branches corresponding to the main axis node were shown as black bars) of soybean cultivars, Suinong 14 and Dongsheng 7, grown in Mollisols under ambient (aCO₂) (380 ppm) and elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) (580 ppm). The number of nodal position counts from the bottom (1) to the top (21) of the main axis. Values are means <u>±</u> standard error of variables across the twelve replicates. The vertical LSD bars (<i>P</i> = 0.05) in each panel are shown.</p