Scaling Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Consensus With Optimized Shading Scheme

This article introduces a novel scalable multishard Byzantine fault tolerance ( Shar BFT) consensus protocol combined with a blockchain sharding optimization scheme. Shar BFT builds upon the classic BFT state-machine replication approach and extends it into a hierarchical multishard prototype to enable scalable and concurrent Byzantine consensus. This prototype enhances scalability and bolsters the security of global consistency in comparison to existing protocols. Moreover, Shar BFT employs a novel consensus voting mechanism based on the threshold signature scheme, resulting in linear message communication complexity and optimized consensus operations. In additional, Shar BFT integrates a sharding optimization model (SOM) to enhance consensus efficiency in dynamic system environments. The proposed SOM aims to minimize the average consensus latency while ensuring security and scalability. This article presents experimental results conducted in a real-world cloud environment, illustrating significantly improved performance.</p

Scaling Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Consensus With Optimized Shading Scheme

This article introduces a novel scalable multishard Byzantine fault tolerance ( Shar BFT) consensus protocol combined with a blockchain sharding optimization scheme. Shar BFT builds upon the classic BFT state-machine replication approach and extends it into a hierarchical multishard prototype to enable scalable and concurrent Byzantine consensus. This prototype enhances scalability and bolsters the security of global consistency in comparison to existing protocols. Moreover, Shar BFT employs a novel consensus voting mechanism based on the threshold signature scheme, resulting in linear message communication complexity and optimized consensus operations. In additional, Shar BFT integrates a sharding optimization model (SOM) to enhance consensus efficiency in dynamic system environments. The proposed SOM aims to minimize the average consensus latency while ensuring security and scalability. This article presents experimental results conducted in a real-world cloud environment, illustrating significantly improved performance.</p

Enhanced <i>J</i>‑Couplings through Specially Solvated Electron in Perfluoro‑[<i>n</i>]Prismanes and [<i>n</i>]Asteranes

Perfluoro-[n]prismanes ((C2F2)n, n = 3–8) and [n]asteranes ((C3F4)n, n = 3–5) exhibit a strong perfluoro cage effect that can stably encapsulate an additional electron inside the cage. The 2s-like distribution of solvated electron (esol–) not only changes the molecular structure but also affects the nuclear spin properties. In this work, we reveal how the esol– enhances and regulates indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling between two coupled F nuclei (JFF-coupling). Results show that esol– is mainly distributed in the central cavity, and a part of it penetrates into the C-shell and C–F bond regions due to the unique polyhedral C-shell structure. Such a 2s-like esol– creates a novel esol– based coupling mechanism, including the newly generated through-esol– (TSE) and esol–-enhanced traditional through-bonds and through-space (esol–-enhanced TB+TS) pathways, enhancing and regulating N(e)JFF-coupling, which crosses N bonds in the shortest TB pathway and is affected by esol–. The contribution of the TSE (JTSE) is positive and increases with the increase of the central angle between two coupled F nuclei (∠F⊗F), and the contribution of the esol–-enhanced TB+TS (JTB+TS) is negative and |JTB+TS| decreases with the increase of N and straight linear distance between two coupled F nuclei (dFF). Interestingly, N(e)JFF exhibits a special dependence on N/dFF and ∠F⊗F due to the cooperation and competition between JTSE and JTB+TS. When ∠F⊗F sol–-enhanced TB+TS can play a role; JTB+TS determines sign and magnitude of N(e)JFF. When ∠F⊗F > 70°, the TSE dominates, and JTSE determines sign and magnitude of N(e)JFF. This work not only further enriches information on the states, distributions, and properties of esol– but also provides insights into the nuclei spin properties in perfluorinated polyhedrons triggered by esol–

Additional file 3: of Phylogenomic analysis reveals genome-wide purifying selection on TBE transposons in the ciliate Oxytricha

Likelihood comparison of models with dN/dS=1 and dN/dS<1. (XLSX 41.4 kb

Additional file 2: of Phylogenomic analysis reveals genome-wide purifying selection on TBE transposons in the ciliate Oxytricha

Number of 42kD, 22kD and 57kD ORFs included in the pairwise dN/dS analysis. (XLSX 38.5 kb

Additional file 1: of Phylogenomic analysis reveals genome-wide purifying selection on TBE transposons in the ciliate Oxytricha

Annotation of TBE sequences in Oxytricha micronuclear genome in gff format. (GFF 2.38 mb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Expression of genes involved in progesterone receptor paracrine signaling and their effect on litter size in pigs

Primers used for Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). (DOCX 19 kb

MOESM1 of DNA methylation profiles capturing breast cancer heterogeneity

Additional file 1: Table S1. Annotations of prognostic CpGs. Table S2. Annotations of prognostic DMGs. Table S3. Correlation between the methylation and expression of pDMGs. Table S4. Learning matrix of the 313 CpG (with gene attribution) and outcome variables

IC₅₀ calculations for human NSCLC cell lines.

IC50 calculations for human NSCLC cell lines.</p

Pretreatment with dexamethasone results in blunting of the pemetrexed-induced thymidine salvage pathway “flare” in dexamethasone sensitive lines.

Thymidine salvage pathway activity of the human NSCLC cell lines was assessed using 3H-thymidine incorporation assays. Dexamethasone sensitive cell lines, H1975 and H23 revealed blunting of the thymidine salvage pathway “flare” when cells were pretreated with dexamethasone for 24hrs. No effect on the pemetrexed-induced “flare” was observed in these cell lines when dexamethasone was given concurrently with chemotherapy (without pretreatment). A: H1975. B: H23.</p