Pairwise <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> calculated from a composite life-history trait (below the diagonal) and <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> (above the diagonal) estimates based on seven microsatellite loci for <i>Sitobion avenae</i> populations (the composite life-history trait obtained from PC1 of PCA analysis of all tested life-history traits; *, significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> and corresponding <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>).

<p>Pairwise <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> calculated from a composite life-history trait (below the diagonal) and <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> (above the diagonal) estimates based on seven microsatellite loci for <i>Sitobion avenae</i> populations (the composite life-history trait obtained from PC1 of PCA analysis of all tested life-history traits; *, significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> and corresponding <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>).</p

Genetic correlations between life-history traits for northern (above the diagonal) and southern (below the diagonal) populations of <i>Sitobion avenae</i>.

<p>Note: DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; FEC, lifetime fecundity; POS, post-reproductive time; SPA, adult lifespan; RET, reproductive time; statistical significance of genetic correlations evaluated using likelihood-ratio tests;</p><p>*, <i>P</i> < 0.05;</p><p>**, <i>P</i> < 0.01;</p><p>***, <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Genetic correlations between life-history traits for northern (above the diagonal) and southern (below the diagonal) populations of <i>Sitobion avenae</i>.</p

Gene diversity (SE) for each locus in each population.

<p>Gene diversity (SE) for each locus in each population.</p

Plot of PC1 versus PC2 from principal component analysis of life-history traits (upper panel) and microsatellite loci (lower panel) as variables (northern populations: Fuping, FP; Luochuan, LC; Tongchuan, TC; southern populations: Jinshui, JS; Longting, LT; Mianxian, MX).

<p>Plot of PC1 versus PC2 from principal component analysis of life-history traits (upper panel) and microsatellite loci (lower panel) as variables (northern populations: Fuping, FP; Luochuan, LC; Tongchuan, TC; southern populations: Jinshui, JS; Longting, LT; Mianxian, MX).</p

Comparison between molecular (<i>F</i>_<i>SR</i>) and quantitative genetic (<i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i>) divergence within each region (*, significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i> based on non-overlapping confidence intervals; NS, non-significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i>; <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i> of the northern region was not significantly different from that of the southern region, <i>P</i> = 0.458).

<p>Comparison between molecular (<i>F</i>_<i>SR</i>) and quantitative genetic (<i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i>) divergence within each region (*, significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i> based on non-overlapping confidence intervals; NS, non-significant differences between <i>Q</i>_<i>SR</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i>; <i>F</i>_<i>SR</i> of the northern region was not significantly different from that of the southern region, <i>P</i> = 0.458).</p

Comparison of within-region molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation between northern and southern regions.

<p>Note: The genetic variance (δ²_clone), the coefficient of genetic variance (<i>CV</i>_<i>G</i>) and the broad sense heritability (<i>H</i>^<i>2</i>) were measured for each region and over all quantitative traits; allelic richness (<i>R</i>_<i>S</i>), observed heterozygosity (<i>Ho</i>), and inbreeding coefficient (<i>F</i>_<i>IS</i>) were estimated for each region and over all loci, and significance tests were performed between northern and southern regions by randomization procedures using FSTAT software.</p><p>Comparison of within-region molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation between northern and southern regions.</p

Differentiation (<i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> ±SE) between northern and southern populations for different quantitative traits [the dotted line represents <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> (±SE) between the two populations based on allelic variation in microsatellite loci; *, <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> significantly higher than <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>; DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i>, the index of quantitative variation based on life-history traits; <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>, the index of molecular variation derived from microsatellite markers].

<p>Differentiation (<i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> ±SE) between northern and southern populations for different quantitative traits [the dotted line represents <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> (±SE) between the two populations based on allelic variation in microsatellite loci; *, <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i> significantly higher than <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>; DT1-DT4, the developmental time of 1^st to 4^th instar nymphs; DT5, the total developmental time of nymphs; <i>Q</i>_<i>ST</i>, the index of quantitative variation based on life-history traits; <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>, the index of molecular variation derived from microsatellite markers].</p

THQ and total THQ of Pb and Cd due to rice consumption.

THQ and total THQ of Pb and Cd due to rice consumption.</p

Meta-analysis of Pb concentrations in rice.

Meta-analysis of Pb concentrations in rice.</p

Pooled concentrations of Cd in different areas of China.

Pooled concentrations of Cd in different areas of China.</p