Additional file 1: of The spread of Injectate after ultrasound-guided lateral elbow injection – a cadaveric study

Example of a three-dimensional rendering of injectate distribution, showing no clear pattern or injection pooling or longitudinal injectate spread. (MP4 2766 kb

Phenotype of barley <i>breviaristatum-e</i> (<i>ari-e</i>).

<p>(A) Comparison of overall plant height between the wild type cv. Bowman (left) and <i>ari-e</i>.<i>1</i> mutant NIL BW042 (right); scale bar: 10 cm (B) Spikes of barley lines Bowman, BW042 (<i>ari-e</i>.<i>1</i>), Maythorpe, Golden Promise (from left to right). Mutant lines are characterized by reduced awn length. (C) Seed shape of cvs. Maythorpe (left) and Golden Promise (right). (D) Gross morphology in the vegetative phase (from left to right: Bowman, BW042 (<i>ari-e</i>.<i>1</i>), Maythorpe, Golden Promise). Mutant lines appear more upright due to narrow leaf angles; scale bar: 10 cm.</p

Structure of the <i>HvDep1</i> gene and the encoded polypeptide.

<p>(A) Graphic representation of the barley whole genome shotgun contig bowman_contig_881907 comprising the <i>HvDep1</i> coding sequence. 500-bp intervals are indicated with vertical bars. The coding sequence is shown as black boxes. The <i>HvDep1</i> coding sequence consists of five exons and four introns. The <i>ari-e</i> mutant lines cv. Golden Promise and BW043 (<i>ari-e</i>.GP) show an insertion of a single nucleotide in exon 2 after bp 1508, and lines <i>ari-e</i>.<i>39</i>, <i>ari-e</i>.<i>156</i> and <i>ari-e</i>.<i>166</i> show a nucleotide exchange in exon 3 at bp 2007 after the ATG start codon (details shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168924#pone.0168924.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>). (B) Putative functional domains in the 295 amino-acid HvDEP1 protein. Using TMPRED (<a href="http://ch.embnet.org/software/TMPRED_form.html" target="_blank">ch.embnet.org/software/TMPRED_form.html</a>) and PROSITE (expasy.ch/prosite) a transmembrane domain, a putative tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ⁄ nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) family cysteine-rich signature and von Willebrand factor type C (VWFC) cysteine-rich modules were predicted for HvDEP1. In a previous study [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168924#pone.0168924.ref007" target="_blank">7</a>] the Arabidopsis AGG3 γ-subunit was predicted to contain similar domains.</p

Phenotype of <i>ari-e</i> mutant lines in a cv. Foma genetic background.

<p>Barley lines Foma (A), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>119</i> (B), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>156</i> (C), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>166</i> (D), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>178</i> (E), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>222</i> (F), <i>ari-e</i>.<i>228</i> (G) during the vegetative growth phase when grown in the greenhouse. All pictures show three plants in one pot sown on the same day. Only <i>ari-e</i>.<i>119</i>, <i>ari-e</i>.<i>156</i> and <i>ari-e</i>.<i>166</i> show the characteristic erect phenotype of <i>ari-e</i> mutants and mutations in <i>HvDep1</i> were only found in these lines. Scale bar: 10 cm</p

QTL profiles for 12 agronomic and yield related characters for chromosome 5H from the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 map.

<p>QTL profiles for 12 agronomic and yield related characters for chromosome 5H from the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 map. The position of the <i>Ari-e</i>/<i>Dep1</i> locus is indicated by the solid vertical arrow and the flanking SNP markers by vertical dashed arrows. BOPA1 SNPs 11_20265 and 11_20392 are placed at position 48.38 cM in the barley draft assembly [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168924#pone.0168924.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>]. The significance threshold (3.4) for a QTL in this population is indicated by the straight dashed horizontal line. SPW: Single Plant Weight of grain; TGW: Thousand Grain Weight; Spec_WT: specific grain weight [kg/hl]; MSW: Main Stem Weight, weight of grain from the tallest tiller of plants.</p

Description <i>of breviaristatum-e</i> (<i>ari-e</i>) mutant lines.

<p>Description <i>of breviaristatum-e</i> (<i>ari-e</i>) mutant lines.</p

Complementation of <i>ari-e</i> in Golden Promise with full length and truncated forms of <i>HvDep1</i>.

<p>(A) and (B) Phenotype of Golden Promise, carrying the <i>ari-e</i>.GP loss-of-function allele, compared to (C) and (D) Golden Promise full-length pUBI:<i>HvDep1</i> transformants and (E) and (F) Golden Promise pUBI: <i>HvDep1</i>Δ152 transformants. In the later, only the first 152 amino-acid residues of HvDEP1 are translated. Plants with the pUBI: <i>HvDep1</i>Δ152 transformation developed very few spikes and no fertile seeds.</p

List of 11 agronomic, yield and yield related characters that were measured across 12 possible trial locations for the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 population.

<p>List of 11 agronomic, yield and yield related characters that were measured across 12 possible trial locations for the Derkado x B83-12/21/5 population.</p

Grain yield measured in field trials in Denmark.

<p>Values obtained for (A) grain number per plant and (B) grain weight per plant from field grown lines (summer 2014 in Denmark). The number of individuals considered for each line is given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168924#pone.0168924.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>. T-tests were performed to test for significant differences between respective wild type and mutant lines. Statistically significant differences are indicated by asterisks within the figure (threshold: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). Average values concerning grain number per plant and grain weight per plant respectively were 49.4% and 40.3% for BW042 and 51.7% and 39.7% for BW043 in comparison to Bowman and 81.6% and 66.7% for Golden Promise in comparison to Maythorpe.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Multi-environment genome -wide association mapping of culm morphology traits in barley.ZIP

In cereals with hollow internodes, lodging resistance is influenced by morphological characteristics such as internode diameter and culm wall thickness. Despite their relevance, knowledge of the genetic control of these traits and their relationship with lodging is lacking in temperate cereals such as barley. To fill this gap, we developed an image analysis–based protocol to accurately phenotype culm diameters and culm wall thickness across 261 barley accessions. Analysis of culm trait data collected from field trials in seven different environments revealed high heritability values (>50%) for most traits except thickness and stiffness, as well as genotype-by-environment interactions. The collection was structured mainly according to row-type, which had a confounding effect on culm traits as evidenced by phenotypic correlations. Within both row-type subsets, outer diameter and section modulus showed significant negative correlations with lodging (<−0.52 and <−0.45, respectively), but no correlation with plant height, indicating the possibility of improving lodging resistance independent of plant height. Using 50k iSelect SNP genotyping data, we conducted multi-environment genome-wide association studies using mixed model approach across the whole panel and row-type subsets: we identified a total of 192 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the studied traits, including subpopulation-specific QTLs and 21 main effect loci for culm diameter and/or section modulus showing effects on lodging without impacting plant height. Providing insights into the genetic architecture of culm morphology in barley and the possible role of candidate genes involved in hormone and cell wall–related pathways, this work supports the potential of loci underpinning culm features to improve lodging resistance and increase barley yield stability under changing environments.</p