Population characteristics overall and by quartile of gamma gap, weighted mean (SE) or %.

<p><i>Abbreviations</i>: HDL, high density lipoprotein; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus</p><p>*Unweighted number</p><p>^†Median values are shown because of skewed distributions</p><p>^‡HIV status was only available in 20–49 year-olds; unweighted number, N = 6,371.</p><p>Population characteristics overall and by quartile of gamma gap, weighted mean (SE) or %.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios (solid line) for (A) cardiovascular disease-related mortality, (B) cancer-related mortality, (C) pulmonary disease mortality, or (D) all other causes of mortality according to baseline concentrations of gamma gap from a restricted cubic spline model.

<p>Shaded region represents the 95% confidence intervals. This model was expressed relative to the 50^th percentile of the gamma gap with three knots placed according to Harrell’s percentiles. All four models were adjusted for age, sex, race, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, hypertension, smoking status, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, self-reported cancer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis B virus core Igg status, hepatitis C virus Igg status, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum albumin. Plots were truncated at the 0.5^th and 99.5^th percentiles of the gamma gap. The hazard ratios are shown on a natural log scale. Each figure is overlaid with a kernel density plot, showing the overall distribution of the baseline gamma gap.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios (solid line) for all-cause mortality according to baseline concentrations of gamma gap from a restricted cubic spline model.

<p>Shaded region represents the 95% confidence intervals. This model was expressed relative to the 50^th percentile of the gamma gap with three knots placed according to Harrell’s percentiles. This model was adjusted for age, sex, race, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, hypertension, smoking status, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, self-reported cancer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis B virus core Igg status, hepatitis C virus Igg status, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum albumin. The plot was truncated at the 0.5^th and 99.5^th percentiles of the gamma gap. The hazard ratios are shown on a natural log scale. This Fig is overlaid with a kernel density plot, showing the overall distribution of the baseline gamma gap. A vertical gray line represents the median value.</p

Association between gamma gap and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, cancer mortality, pulmonary mortality, and other causes of mortality (Hazard Ratios, 95% CI).

<p>All models adjusted for age, sex, race, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, hypertension, smoking status, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, self-reported cancer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis B virus core Igg status, hepatitis C virus Igg status, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum albumin</p><p>*Causes of death other than cardiovascular disease, cancer, or pulmonary disease</p><p><i>Abbreviations</i>: N represents the unweighted number of deaths; CVD represents cardiovascular disease.</p><p>Association between gamma gap and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, cancer mortality, pulmonary mortality, and other causes of mortality (Hazard Ratios, 95% CI).</p

Association between gamma gap and all-cause mortality with gamma gap dichotomized at different cutpoints (Hazard Ratios, 95% CI).

<p>Note: <b>Bold</b> represents P < 0.05</p><p>Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity</p><p>Model 2: adjusted for model 1 + estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, hypertension, smoking status, body mass index, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, self-reported cancer, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, hepatitis B virus core Igg status, hepatitis C virus Igg status, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum albumin</p><p>*Between percentiles; 0.5 was used to indicate that this was between percentiles.</p><p>Association between gamma gap and all-cause mortality with gamma gap dichotomized at different cutpoints (Hazard Ratios, 95% CI).</p

The Gamma Gap and All-Cause Mortality - Fig 1

<p>(<b>A</b>) Kernel density plots by vital status with comparison via an unweighted, two-sample, Kolmogorov–Smirnov equality-of-distributions test. (<b>B</b>) Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence curve with follow-up years as the time axis and all-cause mortality as the outcome stratified by quartiles of baseline gamma gap measurements. Trend across quartiles was determined via the logrank test.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Childhood pneumonia increases risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPDGene study

Chest CT Parameters for Subjects With and Without History of Childhood Pneumonia. Table S2. Effect of Childhood Pneumonia with Childhood Asthmatics Removed. Table S3. Effect of Childhood Pneumonia in Childhood Asthmatics Only. Table S4. Recall Assessment in Subjects Who Did Not Report Known COPD or Emphysema Diagnosis. Figure S1. Classification of subjects in cohort based on childhood pneumonia status. Figure S2. Distribution of age of first pneumonia in entire cohort (a) in subjects with a history of childhood pneumonia (b) and in subjects without a history of childhood pneumonia (c). Includes all subjects who reported an age of first pneumonia. (PDF 943 kb

Summary of pre-intervention HAP concentrations (N = 2980 for PM2.5; N = 2013 for CO).

<p>Summary of pre-intervention HAP concentrations (N = 2980 for PM2.5; N = 2013 for CO).</p

Relative and absolute differences in CO concentrations predicted by household characteristics and season.

<p>Relative and absolute differences in CO concentrations predicted by household characteristics and season.</p

Comparison of PM2.5/CO concentration-time relationship before and after filtering: left, original 10-second interval data; right, aggregated 5-minute interval data with SI period indicated by color (red-SI; blue-non-SI).

<p>Comparison of PM2.5/CO concentration-time relationship before and after filtering: left, original 10-second interval data; right, aggregated 5-minute interval data with SI period indicated by color (red-SI; blue-non-SI).</p