Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in China

Emission of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) priority pollutants from major sources in China were compiled. Geographical distribution and temporal change of the PAH emission, as well as emission profiles, are discussed. It was estimated that the total PAH emission in China was 25 300 tons in 2003. The emission profile featured a relatively higher portion of high molecular weight (HMW) species with carcinogenic potential due to large contributions of domestic coal and coking industry. Among various sources, biomass burning, domestic coal combustion, and coking industry contributed 60%, 20%, and 16% of the total emission, respectively. Total emission, emission density, emission intensity, and emission per capita showed geographical variations. In general, the southeastern provinces were characterized by higher emission density, while those in western and northern China featured higher emission intensity and population-normalized emission. Although energy consumption in China went up continuously during the past two decades, annual emission of PAHs fluctuated depending on the amount of domestic coal consumption, coke production, and the efficiency of energy utilization

The hidden-zero effect in male individuals with opioid use disorder

Background: Explicitly expressing the hidden opportunity cost in intertemporal choice significantly reduces healthy participants’ delay discounting – a phenomenon named the “hidden-zero effect,” which is undetermined in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the hidden-zero effect occurs among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and the degree to which this effect differs between the OUD group and healthy controls. Methods: In two different experiments, Exp#1) 29 male individuals with OUD (13.5 ± 6.0 months abstinence) and 29 male controls performed an intertemporal choice task (ICT); Exp#2) 28 male individuals with OUD (17.5 ± 5.6 months abstinence) and 27 male controls performed a delay discounting task (DDT). The OUD group was recruited from a mandatory treatment, and controls from WeChat. There were two choice conditions in both two tasks: the hidden-zero (H0) condition (standard), and the explicit-zero (E0) condition (explicitly expressing opportunity cost). Results: Compared with the H0 condition, all participants’ delay discounting was significantly decreased in the E0 condition (ps ηp2 = 0.254, 0.110). There was no significant difference in the changed degree between these two groups in either experiment (ps > .05). The delay discounting of the OUD group was significantly higher than that of controls only in Experiment 2 (p ηp2 = 0.376). Conclusion: This study extended the population in which the hidden-zero effect occurs to individuals with OUD. With respect to delay discounting, the hidden-zero effect benefit did not differ in OUD and control participants.</p

Specificities of LAMP, CPA and IMSA.

A, D and G, Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of LAMP, CPA and IMSA products; B, E and H, Direct visualization under natural light after staining with SYBR Green I for LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions; C, F and I, Visualization under UV light after staining with SYBR Green I for LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions; 1–2, OS-1 and OS-6, respectively. 4–14, C83920, C44498, O157:H7, C83903, ATCC7966, ATCC13076, ATCC13311, ATCC25923, ATCC29213, ATCC23715, ATCC27519 and ATCC13124, respectively. M, Trans 2K plus II DNA marker; N, negative control.</p

Primer locations on the LT-II gene.

The direction of the arrows indicated the direction of primers extension and amplification. A, Primer design for LAMP; B, Primer design for CPA; C, Primer design for IMSA.</p

Bacterial strains.

Bacterial strains.</p

Schematic maps of CPA, LAMP and IMSA amplification reactions.

A, Illustration of the CPA assay; B, Illustration of the LAMP assay; C, Illustration of the IMSA assay.</p

Primers for LAMP, CPA, IMSA and Q-PCR assays.

Primers for LAMP, CPA, IMSA and Q-PCR assays.</p

Schematic diagram of all isothermal reaction steps.

A, SYBR Green I and the reaction mixture were added into a Hua-Feng tube (Guangzhou Hua-feng Biological Technology Co.,Ltd), respectively. B, Incubation at constant temperature for a period of time (45–90 min). C, Result determination.</p

Sensitivities of LAMP, CPA, IMSA and real-time PCR.

A, D and G, Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions; B, E and H, Direct visualization under natural light after staining with SYBR Green I for LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions; C, F and I, Visualization under UV light after staining with SYBR Green I for LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions; J, real-time PCR reaction; 1–9, 5×106, 5×105, 5×104, 5×103, 5×102, 5×101, 25, 15 and 5 CFU/mL, respectively; M, Trans 2K plus II DNA marker; N, negative control.</p

LAMP, CPA and IMSA amplification results.

M, Trans 2K plus II DNA marker; 1, negative control; 2, Positive control. A, D and G, Agarose gel electrophoresis observation for LAMP, CPA and IMSA methods for LT-II gene. B, E and H, LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions were observed upon addition of SYBR Green I, respectively. C, F and I, LAMP, CPA and IMSA reactions were visualized under UV light upon addition of SYBR Green I, respectively.</p