Niche models based on Dataset <i>II</i> and transferred worldwide using Maxent.

<p>Dark green color represents high suitability, light green indicates low suitability.</p

Principal component analysis of Dataset <i>I</i> (left) and <i>II</i> (right) associated with occurrences of Bean plataspid.

<p>Symbols represent Bean plataspid occurrences in native and introduced areas.</p

Selecting Biological Meaningful Environmental Dimensions of Low Discrepancy among Ranges to Predict Potential Distribution of Bean Plataspid Invasion

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Bean plataspid (<em>Megacopta cribraria</em>) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to Asia, is becoming an invasive species in North America; its potential spread to soybean producing areas in the US is of great concern. Ecological niche modelling (ENM) has been used increasingly in predicting invasive species' potential distribution; however, poor niche model transferability was sometimes reported, leading to the artifactual conclusion of niche differentiation during species' invasion.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principals</h3><p>We aim to improve the geographical transferability of ENM via environmental variable selection to predict the potential distribution of Bean plataspid invasion. Sixteen environmental dimensions between native and introduced Bean plataspid populations were compared, and classified into two datasets with different degrees of discrepancy by the interquartile range (IQR) overlap in boxplot. Niche models based on these two datasets were compared in native model prediction and invading model projection. Classical niche model approaches (i.e., model calibrated on native range and transferred outside) were used to anticipate the potential distribution of Bean plataspid invasion.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Niche models based on the two datasets showed little difference in native model predictions; however, when projecting onto the introduced area, models based on the environmental datasets showing low discrepancy among ranges recovered good model transferability in predicting the newly established population of Bean plataspid in the US. Recommendations were made for selecting biological meaningful environmental dimensions of low discrepancy among ranges to improve niche model transferability among these geographically separated areas. Outside of its native range, areas with invasion potential include the southeastern US in North America, southwestern Europe, southeastern South America, southern Africa, and the eastern coastal Australia.</p> </div

Niche model calibrated on native range and projected onto the US based on Dataset <i>I</i> (left) and <i>II</i> (right).

<p>Dark blue color represents high suitability, light blue indicates low suitability. Green dots indicate the occurrence points used for model calibration, red dots indicate the model testing point, white grids in the US indicate the infested counties.</p

Omission rates among niche models based on Dataset <i>I</i> and <i>II</i>.

<p>Omission rates were plotted in native Asia models and their transferring in the US across the threshold spectrum of Maxent.</p

Principal components analysis (PCA) of environmental variables associated with occurrence of Bean plataspid.

<p>Eigenvalues for the most important variables (>0.8) are in bold.</p

Plans to Siege the Towns of Tábor and Brno During the Thirty Years' War in the Light of Interdisciplinary Study

Katedra obecné antropologieDepartment of General AnthropologyFaculty of HumanitiesFakulta humanitních studi

Substitution patterns of 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI gene.

<p>The number of transition (S) and transversion (V) substitutions is plotted against Kimura 2 parameter (K2p) distance considering all sites. Each point represents a pairwise comparison among two taxa. (A) 18S rDNA saturation plot. (B) 28S rDNA saturation plot. (C) 16S rDNA saturation plot. (D) COI saturation plot.</p

<i>E</i>. <i>fullo</i> cytochrome P450s mitochondrial CYP clan using MrBayes.

<p>Only 6 unigenes were sorted into the mitochondrial CYP clan.</p

MP phylogram inferred from combined data set with gaps coded as missing data.

<p>Bootstrap support values (>50%) are indicated at each node.</p