Severe vascular events in study population (<i>n</i> = 22931).

<p>+TKA, total knee arthroplasty.</p><p>Severe vascular events in study population (<i>n</i> = 22931).</p

Demographic characteristics for knee osteoarthritis patients (<i>n</i> = 22931).

<p>+TKA, total knee arthroplasty.</p><p>Demographic characteristics for knee osteoarthritis patients (<i>n</i> = 22931).</p

Distribution of explanatory variables between patients receiving TKA and those not receiving TKA for propensity score quintiles ranging from stratum 1 (least likely to receive TKA) to stratum 5 (most likely to receive TKA).

<p>Distribution of explanatory variables between patients receiving TKA and those not receiving TKA for propensity score quintiles ranging from stratum 1 (least likely to receive TKA) to stratum 5 (most likely to receive TKA).</p

Marginal effect of different treatment on severe vascular events using instrumental variable analysis for three years follow-up (<i>n</i> = 1541).

<p>* two stage least square results: (1–0.97) / (0.922–0.496) = 0.07</p><p>HR: 93%, 95% CI; 0.2%–13.6%; <i>p</i> = 0.048</p><p>Marginal effect of different treatment on severe vascular events using instrumental variable analysis for three years follow-up (<i>n</i> = 1541).</p

Characteristics of knee osteoarthritis patients in high-total knee arthroplasty and low- total knee arthroplasty use hospitals (<i>n</i> = 1541).

<p>Parenthesis is percentage of patients in high-use or low-use hospitals</p><p>Characteristics of knee osteoarthritis patients in high-total knee arthroplasty and low- total knee arthroplasty use hospitals (<i>n</i> = 1541).</p

Distribution of explanatory variables between patients in high-use and low-use TKA hospitals.

<p>Distribution of explanatory variables between patients in high-use and low-use TKA hospitals.</p

Distribution of explanatory variables between patients in high-use and low-use TKA hospitals and severe cardiovascular events.

<p>Distribution of explanatory variables between patients in high-use and low-use TKA hospitals and severe cardiovascular events.</p